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| Visual hallucination characteristics | Possible cause | References |
|
VH are usually simple, with appropriate insight
Valsalva-like maneuvers can trigger VH | Retinal pathology and/or retinal traction | [53] |
| Release hallucinations, simple, and complex in nature, with intact insight and a history of visual acuity loss | Charles Bonnet syndrome | [54] |
| Simple VH/disturbances such as flickering, uncolored, unilateral zigzag linear changes in the center of the visual field that gradually progress toward the periphery, often leaving a scotoma | Migraine with aura | [55] |
| Simple, brief, and consistent for each patient; usually consist of small, brightly colored spots or shapes that flash | Epilepsy or seizure disorder | [56, 57] |
| Seeing objects move when they are actually still and seeing complex scenarios of people and items that are not present | Dementia with Lewy bodies | [58] |
| Simple and complex VH with acute disturbance of consciousness and diminished ability to sustain attention | Delirium | [59, 60] |
| VH of crawling insects | Cocaine and methamphetamine intoxication/withdrawal | [61–63] |
| Shadows, flashing lights, and moving objects | Cocaine intoxication/withdrawal | [62, 63] |
| VH with some type of animal life such as “animals on the walls” | Alcohol-induced hallucinations | [64] |
| VH of colored patterns, geometric shapes, and figures of animals and people; size distortion and the feeling of fantasy; hypnagogic hallucinations | Hallucinogens | [65] |
| VH including trailing of moving images, geometric hallucinations, flashes of color, and halos around objects | Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder | [66, 67] |
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