Feasibility, Safety, and Preliminary Effectiveness of a Home-Based Self-Managed High-Intensity Interval Training Program Offered to Long-Term Manual Wheelchair Users

Table 3

Right upper limb strength outcome measures before and after the training programs.

	HIIT				MICT				Dropout
			Change (%)	p			Change (%)	p
Shoulder
Flexors	49.9 ± 3.5	51.5 ± 6.4	10.2 ± 15.4%	0.375	62.4 ± 15.3	66.2 ± 17.6	6.2 ± 12.4%	0.438	43.3
	(43.5–51.4)	(46.0–60.7)	(−10.4–26.9%)		(50.0–82.2)	(47.4–91.8)	(−6.8–24.9)		(40.1–46.5)
Extensors	64.5 ± 15.9	59.6 ± 15.6	−7.25 ± 13.7%	0.375	87.7 ± 25.0	87.2 ± 25.5	12.2 ± 20.8%	0.438	53.2
	(43.1–81.3)	(38.3–72.8)	(−16.4–13.1%)		(43.8–104.9)	(52.2–118.7)	(−21.5–35.6%)		(52.7–53.6)
Abductors	46.8 ± 12.5	51.0 ± 16.6	7.6 ± 10.2%	0.250	56.1 ± 18.6	70.9 ± 15.1	33.0 ± 37.9%	0.188	40.4
	(33.7–59.0)	(31.1–67.1)	(−7.6–13.7%)		(40.9–87.1)	(48.3–88.1)	(−14.5–89.9%)		(29.4–51.3)
Adductors	69.5 ± 5.0	66.6 ± 7.2	−3.4 ± 15.8%	0.625	73.5 ± 28.2	71.4 ± 29.1	−1.7 ± 35.4%	1.000	40.1
	(64.3–75.6)	(57.6–73.8)	(−19.2–10.2%)		(45.4–113.0)	(23.4–99.5)	(−48.5–50.1%)		(34.8–45.5)
Internal rotators	49.2 ± 20.7	51.7 ± 25.0	3.8 ± 12.0%	0.875	53.2 ± 22.6	62.7 ± 17.8	30.9 ± 43.8%	0.188	36.7
	(30.6–69.2)	(30.5–82.9)	(−4.0–19.8%)		(20.6–79.3)	(41.3–90.6)	(−10.9–100.6%)		(33.5–39.9)
External rotators	34.8 ± 7.7	29.5 ± 9.2	−16.0 ± 13.8%	0.250	27.6 ± 2.9	37.1 ± 2.1	35.3 ± 11.8%	0.063	32.0
	(23.4–39.4)	(18.4–39.6)	(−30.4–2.2%)		(23.2–30.6)	(34.9–39.3)	(20.1–50.6%)		(29.9–34.2)
Elbow
Flexors	52.0 ± 9.4	56.1 ± 10.0	8.4 ± 10.9%	0.375	63.1 ± 6.9	61.9 ± 8.6	−0.8 ± 19.8%	0.625	39.0
	(43.1–63.3)	(46.1–67.4)	(−3.0–20.2%)		(54.0–72.0)	(50.3–71.4)	(−21.2–32.3%)		(37.7–39.0)
Extensors	30.6 ± 6.3	36.7 ± 16.1	19.4 ± 37.8%	0.625	39.8 ± 20.7	45.0 ± 23.2	20.4 ± 26.5%	0.313	30.6
	(23.6–36.4)	(26.3–60.7)	(−25.5–66.9%)		(4.7–58.4)	(6.9–65.4)	(−20.8–45.4%)		(28.1–33.1)