Effects of Single or Multiple Sessions of Whole Body Vibration in Stroke: Is There Any Evidence to Support the Clinical Use in Rehabilitation?

Table 3

Training protocol for WBV protocol and comparison grou.

Study	Protocol for WBV group								Protocol for Comparison Group
	WBV Treatment						Additional Treatment	Supervision
	Frequency of Sessions × Duration of Program	No. of Vibration Bouts × Duration per Bout	Rest	Frequency (Hz), Amplitude (mm), and Peak Acceleration (g) of Vibration Signals	WBV type and commercial name	Posture
Studies that assessed the effects of a single WBV session (comparison 1)
Tihanyi et al, 2007; [40]	Single session	6 bouts × 1min	120s	20Hz; 2.5mm; 4.0	Synchronous; Vertical Nemes-Bosco	Standing on the platform with; knees slightly flexed at 40° and shifting body mass to the paretic leg	None	NR	Same exercise but; without vibration
Chan et al, 2012 [44]	Single session	2 bouts × 10min	60s	12Hz; 4mm; 2.3	Synchronous; Vertical; AV 001 - Body Green	Positioned on the platform in a; semi-squatting position with buttock support and were kept in an upright position with even weight distribution on both feet	None	NR	Followed the same; procedures, but the vibration machine was not turned on
Studies that assessed the effects of multiple WBV sessions (comparison 1)
Lau et al, 2012 [41]; and Pang et al, 2013; [42]	3/week × 8weeks	6bouts × 1.5min to; 6bouts × 2.5min	3 - 4.5; Min	20 - 30Hz; 0.44 - 0.60mm; 1.0 - 1.6	Synchronous; Vertical; Jet Vibe System	Side-to-side weight shift, semi-; squat, forward and backward, weight shift, forward lunge, standing on one leg, deep squat	1.5min of warm-up; exercises (general mobilization and stretching) in a sitting position	Therapist	Performed the same; exercises on the same WBV platform as the WBV group but without vibration
Brogårdh et al, 2012; [43]	2/week × 6 weeks	4 bouts × 40s to; 12 bouts × 60s	60s	25Hz; 3.75mm; 9.2	Synchronous; Vertical Xrsize	Standing barefoot on the; platforms in a static position with the knees flexed 45°-60° and with handhold support, if needed	None	Physical; Therapist	Some exercises on a; vibration platform with an amplitude of 0.20mm and a frequency of 25Hz
Marín et al, 2013; [45]	1/week (from week; 1 to week 7) 2/week (from week 8 to week 12)	sessions 1-2: 4 bouts; × 30s; sessions 3-4: 5 bouts; × 30s; sessions 5-6: 5 bouts; × 50s; sessions 7-8: 5 bouts; × 60s; sessions 9-12: 6 bouts; × 60s; sessions 13-17: 7 bouts × 60s	60s	5 - 21Hz; 2 - 3mm; 0.2 - 5.3	Side-alternating; Vertical Galileo Home	Standing on a vibration; platform with knee flexion of 30°	10 × 2 hours; rehabilitation sessions per month	Therapist	Performed the same; exercises as that of WBV group, but was not exposed to vibration, + 10 × 2 hours rehabilitation sessions per month
Choi et al, 2014 [47]	5/week × 4 weeks	4 bouts × 3min	60s	15 - 22Hz; 0 - 5.8mm; () Peak: NR	Side-alternating; Vertical Galileo Pro	Sitting alone at a table and; correcting body alignment, reaching task beyond arm's length using the non-paretic side, same reaching task using the paretic side, bilateral reaching task	None	Researcher	Performed the same; exercises as that of WBV group, but was not exposed to vibration
Liao, 2016 [46]	3/week × 10 weeks	sessions 1-15: 8 bouts; × 90s; sessions 16-30: 12 bouts × 90s	90s	LWBV Group: 20Hz,; 1mm, 1.61; HWBV Group: 30Hz,; 1mm, 3.62	Synchronous; Vertical Gymna Fitvibe Medical System	Dynamic weight shift side to; side, Dynamic deep squat, Dynamic forward and backward weight shift, Static semisquat (starting position: standing on the WBV platform with feet placed width apart at shoulder width, with bilateral knees flexed at 10°)	10min of warm-up +; 10min of cool-down exercises (general stretching exercises in a sitting position and exercises using a cycle ergometer)	Researcher	Performed the same; exercises on the same WBV platform as the WBV group but without vibration
Choi W et al, 2017; [48]	3/week x 6 weeks	6 bouts x 45s	60s	session 1-2: 20Hz, 3mm; session 3-4: 25Hz, 3mm session 5-6: 30Hz, 3mm; () Peak: NR	Side-alternating; Galileo 2000	Weight shift side to side, Squat; (knee joint 45°flexion), Forward and backward weight shift, Forward lunges, One-leg standing (alternately), Deep squat (knee joint 90°flexion)	15min of warm-up +; 20min of Treadmill Training	Physical; Therapist	Performed the same; exercises as that of WBV group, but was not exposed to vibration
Studies that assessed the effects of multiple WBV sessions (comparison 2)
Van Nes et al, 2006; [49]	5/week × 6 weeks	4 bouts × 45s	60s	30Hz; 3mm; 10.9	Side-alternating; Vertical Galileo 900	Standing on the platform with; the knees slightly flexed	None	Physical; Therapist	Exercise therapy with; music: regular exercises for the trunk, arm, and leg muscles
Tankisheva et al,; 2014 [50]	3/week × 6 weeks	sessions 1-12: 5 bouts; × 30s; sessions 13-18: 17 bouts × 60s	NR	sessions 1-12: 35Hz,; 1.7mm, 8.4; sessions 13-18: 40Hz,; 2.5mm, 16.1	Synchronous; Vertical; Power Plate	Standing on their toes, knee; flexion of 50°-60° (high squat),; knee flexion of 90° (deep squat),; wide-stance squat, and 1-legged; squat	None	Trainer	Participants in the; control group were not; involved in any; additional training; program and were asked; not to change their; lifestyle

ean±SD presented unless indicated otherwise. : 1 unit of gravitational constant (9.8 m/s²), NR: not reported, WBV: Whole Body Vibration, LWBW: Low-Intensity Whole Body Vibration, HWBW; High-Intensity Whole Body Vibration.