Immediate Effect on Ground Reaction Forces Induced by Step Training Based on Discrete Skill during Gait in Poststroke Individuals: A Pilot Study

Table 2

Immediate changes in gait parameters before and after a single training session of the LR and PSw groups.

	LR ()		value	PSw ()		value
	Pre	Post		Pre	Post
Speed (m/s)	0.67 (0.30)	0.77 (0.26)	0.016	0.54 (0.20)	0.58 (0.17)	0.457
Stride length (m)	0.45 (0.12)	0.51 (0.11)	0.002	0.38 (0.10)	0.42 (0.10)	0.012
Cadence (steps/min)	85.7 (16.3)	87.8 (13.1)	0.276	85.1 (9.0)	81.5 (8.2)	0.022
GRF parameters
Paretic braking
Peak force (%BW)	14.2 (5.1)	15.6 (5.6)	0.038	11.0 (3.6)	13.0 (4.8)	0.009
Impulse (%BW·s)	2.8 (0.9)	2.8 (0.8)	0.978	2.1 (0.7)	2.6 (0.9)	0.004
Duration (s)	0.44 (0.06)	0.41 (0.06)	0.120	0.44 (0.16)	0.44 (0.08)	0.962
Paretic propulsion
Peak force (%BW)	7.6 (4.6)	9.4 (5.3)	0.077	5.3 (3.7)	5.7 (3.3)	0.501
Impulse (%BW·s)	1.6 (1.0)	2.0 (1.0)	0.060	1.1 (0.9)	1.2 (0.9)	0.602
Duration (s)	0.36 (0.12)	0.38 (0.10)	0.481	0.32 (0.12)	0.31 (0.13)	0.594
Nonparetic braking
Peak force (%BW)	13.1 (6.1)	16.5 (5.8)	0.006	12.6 (4.1)	14.2 (2.8)	0.036
Impulse (%BW·s)	2.5 (1.1)	3.1 (1.1)	0.012	2.3 (1.0)	2.8 (1.0)	0.000^†
Duration (s)	0.43 (0.15)	0.43 (0.10)	0.519	0.43 (0.12)	0.49 (0.17)	0.028
Nonparetic propulsion
Peak force (%BW)	16.9 (7.3)	21.5 (7.1)	0.003	12.7 (4.7)	14.2 (5.4)	0.246
Impulse (%BW·s)	4.0 (1.2)	4.6 (1.2)	0.019	3.5 (1.2)	3.7 (1.3)	0.413
Duration (s)	0.62 (0.17)	0.55 (0.13)	0.011	0.64 (0.14)	0.60 (0.11)	0.110

, , and ^†. Values expressed as mean (standard deviation). GRF: ground reaction force; %BW: percent body weight.