Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Validation of the Chinese/Mandarin Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS-C/M)

Table 1

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study participants by CR participation, and association with total CRBS score.

	Total	Participated in CR	Did not participate		^†
Sociodemographic
Age				0.079	0.240
Sex (% female)	128 (37%)	8 (42.1%)	120 (37.0%)	0.657	0.004
Marital status (% married)	331 (86%)	18 (94.7%)	309 (95.4%)	0.899	0.875
Living status (% alone)	59 (15.3%)	1 (5.3%)	58 (17.8%)	0.157	0.010
Caregivers				0.001	0.089
Family (e.g., spouse and child)	193 (50.2%)	9 (47.4%)	180 (55.4%)
Self	153 (39.7%)	10 (52.6%)	143 (44.0%)
Nurse	2 (0.5%)	0	2 (0.6%)
Nationality (% Han)	346 (89.9%)	19 (100%)	323 (99.4%)	0.732	0.241
Education				0.367	0.152
Junior high school and below	159 (46.2%)	8 (42.1%)	151 (46.5%)
Technical secondary school/senior high school	133 (38.7%)	6 (31.6%)	127 (39.1%)
College degree	52 (15.1%)	5 (26.3%)	47 (14.5%)
Work status (% working)	54 (15.7%)	6 (31.6%)	48 (14.8%)	0.051	0.467
Residence (% city or town)	327 (84.9%)	19 (100%)	305 (94.1%)	0.277	0.020
Family income				0.029	0.112
(% >40001RMB)^‡	191 (49.6%)	10 (52.6%)	181 (55.7%)
≤40000RMB	153 (50.4%)	9 (47.4%)	144 (44.3%)
Healthcare coverage				0.306	0.263
Insurance or government	330 (85.7%)	19 (100%)	307 (94.8%)
Out-of-pocket	17 (4.4%)	0	17 (5.2%)
Clinical
Duration of CHD				0.975	0.839
<1 year	127 (33%)	7 (36.8%)	120 (37.2%)
1-5 years	104 (27%)	5 (26.3%)	96 (29.7%)
>5 years	114 (29.6%)	7 (36.8%)	106 (32.8%)
Diagnosis				0.041	<0.001
Silent infarction	159 (46.6%)	7 (36.8%)	152 (47.2%)
Myocardial infarction	91 (26.7%)	5 (26.3%)	86 (26.7%)
Other	40 (11.7%)	4 (21.1%)	36 (11.2%)
Unstable angina	36 (10.6%)	0	36 (11.2%)
Stable angina	15 (4.4%)	3 (15.8%)	12 (3.7%)
PCI (% yes)	264 (78.3%)	8 (42.1%)	256 (80.5%)	<0.001	0.757
CABG (% yes)	14 (3.6%)	6 (31.6%)	8 (2.6%)	<0.001	<0.001
Medication adherence (% regularly taking)	304 (79%)	18 (94.7%)	285 (95%)	0.394	0.553
NYHA class				0.980	0.065
I	163 (42.3%)	9 (47.4%)	154 (47.5%)
II	143 (37.1%)	8 (42.1%)	135 (41.7%)
III	35 (9.1%)	2 (10.5%)	32 (9.9%)
IV	3 (0.8%)	0	3 (0.9%)
Risk factors
BMI				0.920	0.032
Tobacco use				0.261	0.002
Never used	176 (51.2%)	12 (63.2%)	164 (50.5%)
Former user	101 (29.4%)	6 (31.6%)	95 (29.2%)
Current user	67 (19.5%)	1 (5.3%)	66 (20.3%)
Hypertension (% yes)	245 (71.4%)	15 (78.9%)	230 (71%)	0.455	0.071
Diabetes (% yes)	124 (36.2%)	9 (47.4%)	115 (35.5%)	0.295	0.639
Family history of CVD	146 (42.6)	10 (52.6%)	136 (42%)	0.361	0.042
Comorbidities
Stroke	19 (4.9%)	1 (5.3%)	18 (5.6%)	0.957	0.764
Renal insufficiency	11 (2.9%)	0	11 (3.4%)	0.414	0.793
Transient ischemic attack	4 (1.0%)	0	4 (1.2%)	0.626	0.169
Peripheral vascular disease	6 (1.6%)	1 (5.3%)	5 (1.5%)	0.229	0.279
Health behaviors
Harmful use of alcohol (% ≥2 drinks/day)	2 (0.5%)	0	2 (0.6%)	0.766	0.731
Regular exercise (% ≥3 times/wk for ≥30 min)	200 (52%)	18 (94.7%)	182 (56.0%)	0.001	<0.001
Monthly sodium intake^§				0.050	0.001
<120 g	22 (5.7%)	0	22 (6.8%)
120-179 g	229 (59.5%)	14 (73.7%)	214 (65.8%)
>180 g	94 (24.4%)	5 (26.4%)	89 (27.4%)
Daily fruit intake^°				0.533	0.287
<50 g	42 (10.9%)	1 (12.5%)	40 (20.1%)
50-200 g	151 (39.2%)	6 (87.5%)	142 (71.3%)
>200 g	17 (4.4%)	0	17 (8.5%)
Psychosocial
HADS
Depressive symptoms				0.323	0.227
Anxiety				0.525	0.532
CR information awareness				<0.001	<0.001

^‡. ^§Based on recommendations of 3-5 grams/day; ideally participants would have <150 grams/month. ^°~>400 g/day recommended (e.g., 5 servings of 80 grams). is used for comparison of variables by CR participation status, using chi-square or -test, as appropriate. ^† is used for association of variable value in total sample with total mean CRBS score, tested using independent sample -test, analysis of variance, or Pearson’s correlation, as applicable. BMI: body mass index; CR: cardiac rehabilitation; CRBS: Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale; CHD: coronary heart disease; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; NYHA: New York Heart Association; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Note: some data were missing, and therefore the percentage reported was based on the available denominator.