Research Article

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Validation of the Chinese/Mandarin Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS-C/M)

Table 4

Mean CRBS item and subscale scores (standard deviation) by CR participation.

ItemTotal sample ()Participated in CR ()Did not participate ()

1…of distance (e.g., not located in your area, too far to travel)0.013
2…of cost (e.g., parking, gas)<0.001
3…of transportation problems (e.g., access to car, public transportation)0.001
4…of family responsibilities (e.g., caregiving)0.001
5…I did not know about cardiac rehab (e.g., doctor did not tell me about it)<0.001
6…I do not need cardiac rehab (e.g., feel well, heart problem treated, not serious)0.008
7…I already exercise at home, or in my community0.002
8…severe weather0.013
9…I find exercise tiring or painful0.001
10…travel (e.g., holidays, business, cottage)0.058
11…of time constraints (e.g., too busy, inconvenient class time)0.076
12…of work responsibilities0.187
13…I do not have the energy<0.001
14…other health problems prevent me from going0.358
15…I am too old0.014
16…my doctor did not feel it was necessary0.047
17… many people with heart problems do not go, and they are fine0.013
18… I can manage my heart problem on my own0.003
19… I think I was referred, but the rehab program did not contact me<0.001
20…it took too long to get referred and into the program<0.001
21…I prefer to take care of my health alone, not in a group0.015
Total mean CRBS score<0.001
Factor 1: CR need<0.001
Factor 2: external logistical factors<0.001
Factor 3: time conflicts<0.001
Factor 4: program and health system-level factors0.001
Factor 5: comorbidities0.003

CRBS: Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale; CR: cardiac rehabilitation. Note: values are based on independent sample -test results.