Differences in Trocar Positioning within the Vertebral Body Using Two Different Positioning Methods: Effect on Trainee Performance

Table 2

Mean ± standard deviation and maximum error from the puncture target.

	Lateral	Vertical	Anteroposterior
Landmark method (𝑛=19)	5.6 ± 3.2; (max: 13.1 mm)	1.6 ± 1.4 (max: 4.5 mm)	1.7 ± 1.1; (max: 4.3 mm)
ISOP method (𝑛=19)	2.2 ± 1.5; (max: 5.5 mm)	1.1 ± 0.8 (max: 2.8 mm)	1.1 ± 0.9; (max: 2.6 mm)
Student’s t-test	𝑃<0.001	N.S.	N.S.