Not All Embolizations Are Created Equally in the Management of Posterior Epistaxis: Discussion of Safety Measures Avoiding Neurological Complications

Table 1

Patient assessment before and after intervention.

Indication	Refractory posterior epistaxis after 48 h conservative treatment, confirming indication by otorhinolaryngologist and radiologist
Laboratory assessment	Creatinine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, platelet count, hemoglobin, INR
Sedation/anesthesia	Mild sedation with midazolam or general anesthesia when necessary (e.g., restless patient)
Assessment in the operating suite	The patient placed lying down, infusion (500 ml sodium chloride), head sedated with no radiopaque materials in beam path (e.g., remove dental prosthesis); One operator, one operator assistant, and an additional suite technician and anesthesiologist when necessary
Assessment after procedure	AngioSeal/ExoSeal occlusion of vessel access (common femoral artery), manual compression for 10–15 minutes, compression bandage overnight, ultrasound control of groin the next day