Radiology Research and Practice / 2021 / Article / Tab 4 / Research Article
A Review of Doses for Dental Imaging in 2010–2020 and Development of a Web Dose Calculator Table 4 Dosimetry methods, machine model, phantom age, technical parameters, and effective and organ (bone marrow, brain, salivary gland, and thyroid) doses for cone-beam computed tomography procedures.
Method Machine model Age Dosimeter/MC code Phantom Rotation (degree) Imaging protocols DAP (mGy ×2 ) kVp FOV width (cm) FOV height (cm) Effective dose (uSv) Organ dose (uGy) Reference Bone marrow Brain Salivary gland Thyroid Measurement Galileos 35 TLD ART Maxillofacial 85 15 15 84.00 82.00 124.00 2104.00 380.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement i-CAT 35 TLD ART Maxillofacial 120 16 13 83.00 116.00 375.00 1830.00 355.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Iluma Elite 35 TLD ART Maxillofacial 120 21 14 368.00 660.00 3415.00 7225.00 1230.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Kodak 9500 35 TLD ART Maxillofacial 90 20 18 136.00 206.00 1205.00 2676.00 585.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement NewTom VG 35 TLD ART Maxillofacial 110 15 10 83.00 115.00 251.00 1690.00 354.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement NewTom VGi 35 TLD ART Maxillofacial 110 15 15 194.00 186.00 605.00 2855.00 2045.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Scanora 3D 35 TLD ART Maxillofacial 85 14.5 13.5 68.00 86.00 255.00 1568.00 296.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement SkyView 35 TLD ART Maxillofacial 90 17 17 87.00 134.00 719.00 1582.00 474.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement 3D Accuitomo 170 35 TLD ART Maxilla 90 10 5 54.00 112.00 189.00 2138.00 148.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement i-CAT NG 35 TLD ART Mandible 120 16 6 45.00 33.00 46.00 973.00 251.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Kodak 9500 35 TLD ART Dentoalveolar 90 15 8 92.00 85.00 91.00 2166.00 541.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement NewTom VGi 35 TLD ART Dentoalveolar 110 12 8 265.00 294.00 431.00 6372.00 1293.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Picasso trio 35 TLD ART Dentoalveolar 85 12 7 123.00 126.00 134.00 2982.00 551.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Picasso trio 35 TLD ART Dentoalveolar 85 12 7 81.00 62.00 39.00 1837.00 583.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement ProMax 3D 35 TLD ART Dentoalveolar 84 8 8 122.00 88.00 53.00 2576.00 1021.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement ProMax 3D 35 TLD ART Dentoalveolar 84 8 8 28.00 27.00 28.00 596.00 202.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Scanora 3D 35 TLD ART Dentoalveolar 85 10 7.5 46.00 42.00 45.00 1285.00 148.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Scanora 3D 35 TLD ART Mandible 85 10 7.5 47.00 34.00 25.00 1052.00 352.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Scanora 3D 35 TLD ART Maxilla 85 10 7.5 45.00 37.00 31.00 1117.00 240.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Veraviewepocs 3D 35 TLD ART Dentoalveolar 70 8 8 73.00 55.00 40.00 1956.00 330.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement 3D Accuitomo 170 35 TLD ART Lower jaw, molar region 90 4 4 43.00 37.00 37.00 2120.00 195.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Kodak 9000 3D 35 TLD ART Upper jaw, front region 70 5 3.7 19.00 21.00 18.00 523.00 30.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Kodak 9000 3D 35 TLD ART Lower jaw, molar region 70 5 3.7 40.00 78.00 290.00 709.00 251.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement Pax-Uni3D 35 TLD ART Upper jaw, front region 85 5 5 44.00 47.00 28.00 1073.00 209.00 Pauwels et al. 2012 [19 ] Measurement ProMax 3D 35 MOSFET RANDO RAN102 200 574 8 8 153.00 25.00 4.30 32.00 32.00 Koivisto et al. 2012 [20 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 35 PCXMC ORNL Phantom 200 574 8 8 131.00 6.90 2.80 41.00 8.40 Koivisto et al. 2012 [20 ] Simulation i-CAT 35 EGS4 ICRP ADULT 360 556 16 13 66.00 50.00 590.00 1270.00 80.00 Morant et al. 2013 [21 ] Simulation i-CAT 35 EGS4 ICRP ADULT 360 476 16 11 58.00 40.00 310.00 1230.00 80.00 Morant et al. 2013 [21 ] Simulation i-CAT 35 EGS4 ICRP ADULT 360 415 16 10 53.00 30.00 190.00 1150.00 70.00 Morant et al. 2013 [21 ] Simulation Accuitomo 170 5 EGSnrc In-house 360 Standard resolution 90 6 6 172.26 1052.00 89.00 2965.00 387.00 Stratis et al. 2016 [22 ] Simulation Accuitomo 170 5 EGSnrc In-house 360 Standard resolution 90 8 8 297.97 1478.00 181.00 4204.00 1919.00 Stratis et al. 2016 [22 ] Simulation Accuitomo 170 8 EGSnrc In-house 360 Standard resolution 90 6 6 119.35 518.00 92.00 2623.00 751.00 Stratis et al. 2016 [22 ] Simulation Accuitomo 170 8 EGSnrc In-house 360 Standard resolution 90 8 8 228.32 986.00 181.00 3831.00 1747.00 Stratis et al. 2016 [22 ] Simulation Accuitomo 170 12 EGSnrc In-house 360 Standard resolution 90 6 6 111.76 607.00 42.00 1862.00 497.00 Stratis et al. 2016 [22 ] Simulation Accuitomo 170 12 EGSnrc In-house 360 Standard resolution 90 8 8 250.95 913.00 90.00 2961.00 2772.00 Stratis et al. 2016 [22 ] Simulation Accuitomo 170 35 EGSnrc ICRP AF 360 Standard resolution 90 6 6 81.54 376.00 112.00 2830.00 175.00 Stratis et al. 2016 [22 ] Simulation Accuitomo 170 35 EGSnrc ICRP AF 360 Standard resolution 90 8 8 126.68 565.00 224.00 4308.00 339.00 Stratis et al. 2016 [22 ] Simulation i-CAT 35 PCXMC ORNL Phantom 360 120 16 13 30.99 42.90 269.58 738.29 46.97 Yeh and Chen 2018 [23 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 5 EGSnrc In-house Canine XS/ND 96 4.2 5.5 134.90 200.00 152.00 3558.00 214.00 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 5 EGSnrc In-house Molars XS/ND 96 4.2 5.5 155.90 222.00 170.00 4352.00 256.00 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 5 EGSnrc In-house Molars XS/ND 96 5 5.5 220.20 23.80 15.80 336.30 67.90 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 5 EGSnrc In-house Molars XS/ND 96 10 9 68.60 77.70 62.70 1400.60 315.30 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 5 EGSnrc In-house Molars XS/ND 96 10 5.5 55.70 45.00 28.60 1211.00 308.80 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 5 EGSnrc In-house Molars XS/ND 96 13 16 75.60 149.60 948.20 1453.60 206.60 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 5 EGSnrc In-house S/ND 96 23 26 178.40 614.00 4324.00 1596.00 2677.00 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 8 EGSnrc In-house Canine XS/ND 96 4.2 5.5 124.60 85.00 126.00 3080.00 157.00 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 8 EGSnrc In-house Molars XS/ND 96 4.2 5.5 128.60 93.00 141.00 3458.00 187.00 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 8 EGSnrc In-house Molars XS/ND 96 5 5.5 17.10 15.20 14.40 419.00 38.60 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 8 EGSnrc In-house Molars XS/ND 96 10 9 60.80 54.30 48.70 1389.00 290.90 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 8 EGSnrc In-house Molars XS/ND 96 10 5.5 47.90 31.70 219.00 1028.00 270.60 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 8 EGSnrc In-house Molars XS/ND 96 13 16 64.70 104.70 772.20 1319.00 202.60 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 8 EGSnrc In-house S/ND 96 23 26 392.20 518.00 4247.00 4007.00 2908.00 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation ProMax 3D 35 EGSnrc ICRP AM 96 23 26 256.10 362.80 4653.00 4378.00 294.00 Marcu et al. 2018 [24 ] Simulation Cranex3Dx 35 MCNP6.1 ZUBAL Head 180 Maxillary first molar/SR 168 90 5 5 40.00 375.00 105.00 1154.00 139.00 Kralik et al. 2018 [25 ] Simulation Cranex3Dx 35 MCNP6.1 ZUBAL Head 180 Mandibular dental arch/SR 280 90 6.1 7.8 75.00 370.00 55.00 1278.00 1252.00 Kralik et al. 2018 [25 ] Simulation Cranex3Dx 35 MCNP6.1 ZUBAL Head 180 Both dental arches 338 90 7.8 7.8 74.00 578.00 1155.00 2045.00 535.00 Kralik et al. 2018 [25 ] Simulation Cranex3Dx 35 MCNP6.1 ZUBAL Head 180 Mandible/SR 528 90 7.8 15 142.00 564.00 96.00 2275.00 2465.00 Kralik et al. 2018 [25 ] Simulation Cranex3Dx 35 MCNP6.1 ZUBAL Head 180 Viscerocranium/SR 755 90 13 15 170.00 1034.00 552.00 2847.00 2370.00 Kralik et al. 2018 [25 ] Simulation Cranex3Dx 35 MCNP6.1 ZUBAL Head 360 Maxillary first molar/SR 168 90 5 5 37.00 335.00 78.00 592.00 104.00 Kralik et al. 2018 [25 ] Simulation Cranex3Dx 35 MCNP6.1 ZUBAL Head 360 Mandibular dental arch/SR 280 90 6.1 7.8 105.00 400.00 49.00 1161.00 789.00 Kralik et al. 2018 [25 ] Simulation Cranex3Dx 35 MCNP6.1 ZUBAL Head 360 Both dental arches 338 90 7.8 7.8 92.00 621.00 153.00 1559.00 789.00 Kralik et al. 2018 [25 ] Simulation Cranex3Dx 35 MCNP6.1 ZUBAL Head 360 Mandible/SR 528 90 7.8 15 184.00 607.00 87.00 2035.00 3533.00 Kralik et al. 2018 [25 ] Simulation Cranex3Dx 35 MCNP6.1 ZUBAL Head 360 Viscerocranium/SR 755 90 13 15 214.00 1005.00 523.00 2371.00 3384.00 Kralik et al. 2018 [25 ] Measurement ProMax 3D 10 TLD ATOM 706C 360 510 90 4 5 88.00 130.00 510.00 1800.00 200.00 Kadesjo et al. 2018 [11 ] Measurement NewTom5G 10 TLD ATOM 706C 360 1080 110 6 6 172.00 270.00 760.00 3800.00 340.00 Kadesjo et al. 2018 [11 ] Measurement Galileos 35 TLD RANDO Maxillofacial 85 15 15 203.00 278.00 636.00 7775.00 8727.00 Qiang et al. 2019 [17 ] Simulation CS9300 35 PCXMC ORNL Phantom 360 Facial 251 90 17 13.5 160.90 180.00 460.00 4570.00 450.00 Lee et al. 2020 [26 ] Simulation CS9300 35 PCXMC ORNL Phantom 360 Dual jaw 91 90 10 10 94.40 100.00 230.00 1950.00 580.00 Lee et al. 2020 [26 ] Simulation RAYSCAN 35 PCXMC ORNL Phantom 360 Large jaw 177 80 16 10 198.00 200.00 220.00 5360.00 320.00 Lee et al. 2020 [26 ] Simulation RAYSCAN 35 PCXMC ORNL Phantom 360 Jaw 91 80 10 10 195.20 190.00 280.00 4700.00 410.00 Lee et al. 2020 [26 ] Measurement CS9300 35 OSLD ATOM 702C 360 Facial 251 90 17 13.5 181.40 20.00 1020.00 3160.00 1210.00 Lee et al. 2020 [26 ] Measurement CS9300 35 OSLD ATOM 702C 360 Dual jaw 91 90 10 10 90.70 10.00 230.00 1950.00 580.00 Lee et al. 2020 [26 ] Measurement RAYSCAN 35 OSLD ATOM 702C 360 Large jaw 177 80 16 10 228.50 10.00 380.00 4540.00 1680.00 Lee et al. 2020 [26 ] Measurement RAYSCAN 35 OSLD ATOM 702C 360 Jaw 91 80 10 10 213.80 10.00 570.00 3930.00 1500.00 Lee et al. 2020 [26 ] Measurement KaVo 3D eXami 35 TLD CDP-R1 Maxillofacial 120 14.5 8.5 56.63 15.22 427.82 1177.24 476.04 Li et al. RPD 2020 [12 ] Measurement KaVo 3D eXami 35 TLD CDP-R1 Maxillofacial 120 14.5 8.5 55.18 11.63 494.50 1314.85 452.68 Li et al. RPD 2020 [12 ]
DAP, dose area product; FOV, field of view.
