The Application of Advanced Bone Imaging Technologies in Sports Medicine

Table 1

Summary of the bone imaging modalities for the distal radius or tibia and deeper osseous structures such as the femur and vertebrae.

Modality	Extremities-distal radius and tibia					Deep structures-femur and vertebrae
	DXA	HR-pQCT	MDCT	US	MRI	DXA	HR-pQCT	MDCT	US	MRI
Ionizing radiation (μSv)	<10	<5	10	0	0	<10	None	<3000	0	0
Resolution (μm)	1000	80	5500	150	150	1000	None	1000	200	400
3-Dimensional	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	None	Yes	Yes	Yes
Scan region (cm)	10	10	10	4	1.5	10	None	20	4	10
Scan time (min)	10	3	<1	Varies	5	10	None	<1	Varies	10
Availability	Widely available	Limited	Widely available	Widely available	Widely available	Ubiquitous	None	Widely available	Widely available	Widely available