Numerical Study of Hydrodynamic Forces for AFM Operations in Liquid

Figure 11

Maximum hydrodynamic drag force during operation in ultrapure water for a tip-sample distance of 500 nm versus oscillation amplitude during the approach and withdrawal movement of (a) different AFM cantilevers at a temperature of 25°C; (b) the 100 μm long triangular cantilever at various fluid temperatures. (c) Force variation induced by the fluid temperature for the 100 μm long triangular cantilever at an amplitude of 100 nm indicating the percentage change based on 25°C.

(a)

(b)

(c)