The Ferroelectric Domain Structures Induced by Electron Beam Scanning in Lithium Niobate

Figure 1

SEM images of domains created by e-beam at different charge densities: (a) 1 mC/cm²; (b), (f) 2 mC/cm²; (c), (g) 26 mC/cm²; (d) 32 mC/cm²; (e), (h) 56 mC/cm². (a)–(e) ; (f)–(h) . Stages of domain growth: (a) discrete switching, (b) domain ray growth, (c) domain merge, (d) formation of stripe domains, and (e) widening of stripe domain.

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