Label-Free Identification of Early Stages of Breast Ductal Carcinoma via Multiphoton Microscopy

Table 1

MPM identifiable features of normal breast tissue, ADH, low-grade DCIS, and high-grade DCIS-MI.

Breast tissue sample	TPEF signal	SHG signal
Normal	Two layers of epithelial cells line in the duct	Curly and rich collagen fibers in the stromal; Basement membrane outline is clearly visible and complete
ADH	Small-scale epithelial cells proliferate in the duct	The basement membrane remains intact but significantly enlarged; Collagen around the basement membrane becomes fine as the duct expands; No significant change in the morphology of the collagen in the stromal, but the collagen density is reduced
	Complete involvement of fewer than 2 ducts or <2 mm in extent
Low-grade DCIS	Small, uniform cells with generally rounded nuclei that are evenly spaced cells, proliferate in the ducts
	A large number of proliferating cells involve more than two ducts or involve large ducts >2 mm in diameter
High-grade DCIS-MI	Large cells with distinct nucleoli, significant nuclear abnormalities, proliferate in the duct and stromal	Some basement membranes remain intact, but some basement membranes are no longer intact; The collagen bundles in the stromal become straight and sparse
	A large amount of lymphocyte infiltration and a small amount of malignant cell infiltrate in the stroma