Recent Advances on SEM-Based In Situ Multiphysical Characterization of Nanomaterials

Table 1

Mechanical characterization of nanomaterials in SEM.

(a)

Testing types	Nanomaterials	Properties	References
Bending	MCNTs	Young’s modulus	[29]
Buckling	MCNTs	Young’s modulus	[18, 30]
Tensile	MCNTs	Strength and breaking mechanism	[31]
	InGaAs/GaAs nanosprings	Stiffness	[32]
	Si nanowires	Yield strength	[33, 34]
	Ag nanowires	Yield, ultimate tensile strength	[35]
Nanoindentation	Graphene membrane	Elastic stiffness and Young’s modulus	[36]
	Graphene flakes	Young’s modulus	[37]
	Nanopaper	Young’s modulus	[38]
	InP membranes	Local stiffness	[39]
	CNF/LDPE nanocomposite	Surface mechanical properties	[40]

(b) ESEM for biological cells

Nanomaterials	Properties	End-effectors	References
Wild type yeast cells	Single cell adhesion force	Nanofork	[46, 47]
	Cell-cell adhesion force	Nanopicker	[48]
	Cell-surface adhesion force	Flat AFM cantilever tips	[49, 50]
	Stiffness, viscoelastic properties	Soft buckling nanoneedles	[51–55]
Microbead and biological cell	Cell detachment force	FIB etched AFM cantilever	[56]