Review Article
Recent Advances on SEM-Based In Situ Multiphysical Characterization of Nanomaterials
Table 1
Mechanical characterization of nanomaterials in SEM.
(a) |
| Testing types | Nanomaterials | Properties | References |
| Bending | MCNTs | Young’s modulus | [29] |
| Buckling | MCNTs | Young’s modulus | [18, 30] |
| Tensile | MCNTs | Strength and breaking mechanism | [31] | InGaAs/GaAs nanosprings | Stiffness | [32] | Si nanowires | Yield strength | [33, 34] | Ag nanowires | Yield, ultimate tensile strength | [35] |
| Nanoindentation | Graphene membrane | Elastic stiffness and Young’s modulus | [36] | Graphene flakes | Young’s modulus | [37] | Nanopaper | Young’s modulus | [38] | InP membranes | Local stiffness | [39] | CNF/LDPE nanocomposite | Surface mechanical properties | [40] |
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(b) ESEM for biological cells |
| Nanomaterials | Properties | End-effectors | References |
| Wild type yeast cells | Single cell adhesion force | Nanofork | [46, 47] | Cell-cell adhesion force | Nanopicker | [48] | Cell-surface adhesion force | Flat AFM cantilever tips | [49, 50] | Stiffness, viscoelastic properties | Soft buckling nanoneedles | [51–55] |
| Microbead and biological cell | Cell detachment force | FIB etched AFM cantilever | [56] |
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