Recent Advances on SEM-Based In Situ Multiphysical Characterization of Nanomaterials

Table 3

Electrical characterization of nanomaterials in SEM.

(a)

Testing types	Nanomaterials	Properties	References
Four-point probing	Boron nanowires	Conductivity	[80]
	CNTs	Current-voltage characteristics	[81–83]
	Graphene flake	Conductance	[84]
	SnO2 nanowires	Current-voltage characteristics	[85]
Two-point probing	InN nanowires	Electrical transport properties	[86]
	MCNTs	Current-voltage characteristics	[87, 88]
	GdSi2 nanowires	Electrical transport properties	[89]
	Bi2S3 nanowires	Current-voltage characteristics	[90]
	2D MXene nanosheets	Electrical conductivity	[91]
Three-point probing	CNT	Field effect measurements	[88]
	GdSi2 nanowires	Electrical conductance property	[92]
	Nb2Se9 FET	Electrical transport property	[93]

(b) ESEM for biological cells

Nanomaterials	Properties	End-effectors	References
W303 yeast cells	Single cell electrical conductivity	Dual nanoprobes	[94]
W303 yeast cells	Single pulse current measurement	ESEM nanomanipulator system	[95]
Human embryonic kidney cell	Current response to indentation force	Robot-assisted AFM manipulation system	[96]