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Landmarks | Abbreviation | Definition |
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Coordinate system points |
Nasion | N | The most anterior point of the nasal frontal suture |
Right porion | Po-R | The uppermost point of right external auditory canal |
Right orbitale | Or-R | The lowest point of the right infraorbital margin |
Anterior nasal spine | ANS | The apex of the anterior nasal ridge |
Basion | Ba | The midpoint of the anterior edge of foramen magnum |
Single points |
Sellar | S | The central point of the pituitary fossa |
A | A | The most concave point of the bone between the point of anterior nasal ridge and the point of superior alveolar margin |
B | B | The most concave point of the bone between the point of the inferior alveolar margin and the point of the anterior chin |
Gnathion | Gn | The midpoint between the anterior point of chin and the submental point |
Menton | Men | The lowest point of the chin |
Ig | Ig | The apex of alveoli between lower central incisors |
Paired points |
Left gonion | Go-L | Posterior inferior point of left mandibular angle |
Right gonion | Go-R | Posterior inferior point of right mandibular angle |
Internal point of left condyle | Co-L | The uppermost point of the left condyle |
Internal point of right condyle | Co-R | The uppermost point of the right condyle |
External point of left condyle | CdML | The innermost point of the left condyle |
External point of right condyle | CdMR | The innermost point of the right condyle |
Anterior point of left condyle | CdAL | The most lateral point of the left condyle |
Anterior point of right condyle | CdAR | The most lateral point of the right condyle |
Posterior point of left condyle | CdPL | The last point of the left condyle |
Posterior point of right condyle | CdPR | The last point of the right condyle |
Apex of left coracoid process | Cc-L | The uppermost point of the left coracoid process |
Apex of right coracoid process | Cc-R | The uppermost point of the right coracoid process |
Left sigmoid notch | Sg-L | The lowest point of the left sigmoid notch |
Right sigmoid notch | Sg-R | The lowest point of the right sigmoid notch |
Left mandibular inflection | Ma-L | The most concave and outermost point between left anterior edge of ramus and mandibular body turning point |
Right mandibular inflection | Ma-R | The most concave and outermost point between right anterior edge of ramus and mandibular body turning point |
Left mental foramen | Mf-L | The lateral superior point of the left mental foramen on the anterior surface of the mandible |
Right mental foramen | Mf-R | The lateral superior point of the right mental foramen on the anterior surface of the mandible |
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