|
| Type | Method | Outcomes | Ref/year |
|
| Lip print |
| Natural dyes (vermilion and indigo) and lysochrome (Sudan black) | The three dyes were applied to visible and latent lip prints and compared using statistical analyses. | All dyes showed comparable results for creating visible and latent lip prints. | [144]/2010 |
| Cheiloscopy | The lip print of a study group comprising 200 subjects was compared. | Lip prints are represented to be individually unique enough for personal identification. | [132]/2011 |
| Lip patterns | A pilot study was performed to evaluate the correlation of lip prints, mandibular canine index (MCI), and fingerprint methods for gender estimation. | These three specific parameters showed no statistically significant correlation. | [123]/2011 |
| Cheiloscopy, palatoscopy, and odontometrics | Lip pattern impression and odontometric measurements were performed for each subject. | The findings confirmed the uniqueness of lip prints that can provide a more reliable sex prediction. | [133]/2014 |
| Lip prints | An experimental model of latent lip prints was provided, photographed, preserved, and analyzed. | The lower lip print revealed a better definition. | [139]/2014 |
| Cheiloscopy using lysochrome | Latent lip impressions were developed using lysochrome. | Lysochrome-printed lip patterns can be preserved in a digital database and are a potential tool for sex determination. | [145]/2015 |
| Lip prints and lip competence | The lip prints were obtained, and the lip competence was determined and recorded. | Lip prints and competence showed specificity for individuals, races, and ethnic groups. | [137]/2015 |
| Cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy | The lip impression, fingerprints, and personal characters of subjects were recorded, and their correlation was statistically analyzed. | The findings showed a fair correlation among the lip/finger traces and gender/personality of subjects suggesting it as an adjunct in forensic investigations. | [124]/2015 |
| Cheiloscopic patterns | Lip prints of subjects were classified based on the Tsuchihashi method, and gender estimation was conducted according to Vahanwala et al. | Cheiloscopy was suggested as a promising supplementary tool for sex determination; however, further standardized studies were suggested. | [131]/2015 |
| Lip prints from different races | Lip prints of 3 ethnic groups were recorded and evaluated. | The 3 races significantly differed in lip patterns. | [140]/2016 |
| Lip outline patterns | Lip outline patterns were impressed on the proforma sheet and analyzed. | Lip outline patterns are represented to be individually unique. | [146]/2016 |
| Morphologic patterns of lip prints | The lip groove patterns of subjects were categorized based on the Tsuchihashi method. | Lip groove patterns showed significant gender dimorphism in the Croatian population. | [10]/2016 |
| Lip and fingerprint patterns | Lip prints and right thumb impressions were recorded and analyzed. | Both these parameters showed to be reliable personal identifiers. | [142]/2016 |
| Lip print | The obtained lip prints were classified into six classes regarding the vertical, horizontal, and intersecting lines. | The outcome revealed no significant correlation between the lip prints and subject identities. | [136]/2017 |
| Cheiloscopy | Lip prints and right thumb impressions were recorded and analyzed. | Both lip and fingerprints were recognized as helpful for sex estimation. | [127]/2017 |
| Oral landmarks | Systematically review the applications of oral landmarks such as bite marks, dental records, and palatal rugae, in forensic identification investigations. | Prosthetic dentistry was discussed to be a significant aid for forensic purposes. | [128]/2017 |
| Lip print patterns | Examine the gender dimorphism in the lip pattern over time using digital photography. | The efficiency of lip prints in forensic investigations for individualization was emphasized. | [126]/2017 |
| Cheiloscopy | The lip print records were categorized and analyzed according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi methods. | Type I lip pattern was shown as the most frequent type. | [130]/2017 |
| Lip prints and palatal rugae pattern | The records of lip prints and palatal rugae were analyzed based on the Kapali et al.’s classification method. | Lip print (cheiloscopy) is shown to be a more reliable gender identifier than the palatal rugae pattern (rugoscopy). | [141]/2018 |
| Lip print patterns | An algorithm was developed for mass imaginary record processing. | The algorithm facilitated the analysis but lip grooves, and gender showed no association. | [129]/2018 |
| Lip print patterns | Lip print records were collected via a purposive nonrandom sampling method and photographed using a digital camera and analyzed by Photoshop. | Lip prints were shown to be inheritable and various among a population from a single race. | [138]/2019 |
| Bite mark |
| Overlay generation methods | Overlays were prepared using manual, photocopy, and computer-assisted methods, and the results were compared. | The computer-assisted method was the best one. | [151]/2013 |
| Bite marks on dental casts, bitten objects, and foodstuffs | The bite marks were recorded using x-ray and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and visualized/analyzed by InVivo5® software. | CBCT was proved to be an important aid for forensic applications. | [157]/2013 |
| Bite mark characteristics | A case study was conducted on three crimes with common offenders describing the locations and characteristics of the bite marks. | Bite mark analysis was proved to be an important aid for forensic investigators. | [35]/2014 |
| Topographic overlays | Overlays were generated using the envelopment technique and compared. | The third and fourth cuts were the most reliable sections to be studied. | [160]/2015 |
| Bite mark overlays | Overlays were produced by different methods (e.g., casts, wax impressions, radiopaque wax impression, and xerographic method) and compared. | Every method showed its specificities for bite mark analyses and can be helpful depending on personal preference. | [156]/2016 |
| Bite mark evidence | The article debated the legal requirement of bite mark evidence scientifically discussed its future. | The article reached an unsuccessful outcome for bite mark evidence. | [158]/2016 |
| Bite mark evidence | The opinions of forensic odontologists on bite mark cases were surveyed at the beginning and after 8 weeks. | The results suggested that bite mark evidence is less reliable than other oral landmarks. | [150]/2016 |
| Bite mark models | Positive replicas of bite marks were prepared using computer-assisted modeling methods. | The used computer-assisted method is shown to be simple, reliable, reproducible, and cheap. | [152]/2018 |
| Berry’s index (BI) | BI was analyzed in a 300-subject study population. | BI was suggested as a potential aid for bite analysis and facial proportion determination. | [147]/2018 |
| Bite mark evidence | Bite marks were recorded using two materials (styrofoam and wax sheet), analyzed for 3 days, and compared. | Both materials were proper and reproducible, but casts on styrofoam altered after 3 days. | [148]/2018 |
| Bite mark on foodstuffs and inanimate objects | Systematically review the studies analyzing the validity and judicial acceptance of bite marks on foodstuffs and inanimate objects using Daubert rulings. | Because of the vulnerability of forensic procedures, high scrutiny in evaluating such evidence is essential. | [155]/2018 |
| Human bite marks | Assault victims were surveyed using an objective structured questionnaire, and the results were analyzed. | The common occurrence of biting in assault cases should be considered. | [154]/2018 |
| Human bite marks | Three bite mark traits (mesiodistal widths, rotation angles of upper and lower right central incisors, and intercanine distances) were measured and compared with the actual sizes using Photoshop. | Some factors such as skin properties and posture affect the accuracy of measures and interpretation of bite mark injuries. | [149]/2019 |
| Blood group |
| Extracted dental pulp | The blood grouping and Rhesus (Rh) typing were conducted by slide-agglutination and absorption-elution (AE) technique. | Dental pulp tissue was emphasized as a potential source for blood grouping. | [165]/2012 |
| Soft and hard dental tissues | The reliability of longly stored teeth as a source for blood grouping was assessed by a modified absorption-elution method. | Hard and soft dental tissues could be efficiently used for personal identification. | [166]/2013 |
| Cheiloscopy and blood groups | Any significant association between lip print types and blood groups was searched. | Lip prints and blood groups did not show any correlation. | [125]/2014 |
| Tooth pulp | DNA was extracted from dental pulp tissue of exfoliated primary teeth, and PCR-based blood grouping was done. | PCR is proven to be an effective method for blood grouping. | [162]/2016 |
| Dentin and pulp | The ABO blood grouping and Rh typing were conducted on dentin and pulp of extracted teeth by the AE technique. | The blood grouping showed more sensitivity and significance than the Rh factor typing. | [163]/2016 |
| RBCs and saliva | Secreting status and blood group were simultaneously identified using antibody array, and ABH antigen was detected by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging. | SPR detected almost similar ABH antigen densities both on RBCs and in the saliva. | [70]/2017 |
| Cheiloscopy and ABO blood groups | The association between cheiloscopic patterns/lip print types and blood groups was examined. | The findings showed an association between B+/A+/O- blood groups and type IV lip print and O+/AB+ blood groups and type II lip print. | [161]/2017 |
| Pulpal tissue | The blood group determination was conducted AE method. | The dental pulp is an adequate identifier, especially where teeth are the only practical remnant. | [5]/2017 |
| Dry salivary samples | The results of blood grouping and Rh typing from dry salivary samples were compared with those obtained from the extracted socket. | The results were comparable making dried salivary samples a suitable source for personal identification, especially in mass disasters. | [164]/2018 |
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