|
| Type | Markers | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
Blastocysts (inner cell mass) | — | Totipotent and highly expandable | Immunosuppression required, ethical debate, lack of availability, and tumour potential |
|
IPS (induced pluripotent cell)
Fibroblast (by reprogramming adult somatic cells with genes regulating ESC pluripotency) | — | Pluripotent indistinguishable from ESCs at the epigenetic and functional levels. Embryonic stem cell like autologous adult cells for cell therapy | Tumourigenesis |
|
| Adult/Fetal cardiomyocytes | Isl+, Lin− c-kit+ Sca-1+ cardiosphere cells, SP cells | Multipotent
Cardiomyocyte phenotype
Electro-physiologically compatible | Immunosuppression required, ethical debate, short survival, and limited supply |
|
| Skeletal myoblasts satellite cells | CD56+ | Autologous transplantation, lack of immunogenicity and high yield and fatigue resistant, slow twitch fibers | Electrophysiologically uncompatible, lack of gap junction, arrhythmogenic |
|
Hematopoietic stem cells
Bone marrow/peripheral blood | CD34+, CD45+, CD133+ | Multipotent, lack of immunogenicity and autologous transplantation, different lineage of cells | Quantum of cell population not adequate |
|
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Bone marrow Stromal/muscle, skin, and adipose tissue | Adhesion molecules (ALCAM/CD44)
Antigens (SH2/SH3/SH4/STRO-1) | Allogenic/autologous transplantation, lack of immunogenicity (lack MHCII and B7 expression), pluripotent and cryopreservable for future use | Requires expansion |
|
| Endothelial progenitor cells Bone marrow/peripheral blood | CD133+ | Autologous transplantation, monopotent, lack of immunogenicity | Need for expansion because of limited supply |
|
