Review Article
Applications of Amniotic Membrane and Fluid in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
Table 1
Comparison of ES, AM and AF stem cells.
| ā | Embryonic stem cells | Amniotic epithelial cells | Amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells | Amniotic fluid cells |
| Source | Inner cell mass of preimplantation embryo | Amniotic membrane | Amniotic membrane | Amniotic fluid | In vitro lifespan | 300+ population doublings [48] | 14 population doublings [49] | 5ā10 passages [50], 27 population doublings [51] | 55 [52] to 250+ [14] population doublings | Differentiation potential in vitro | Ectodermal, mesodermal, endodermal [53] | Ectodermal, mesodermal, endodermal [20] | Ectodermal, mesodermal, endodermal [20] | Ectodermal, mesodermal, endodermal [14] | Tumorigenicity | Yes [54] | No [15] | Not known | No [14] | Ethical issues | Yes | No | No | No | Clinical trials | Yes [55] | Yes [56] | No | No |
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