Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enhance Neuronal Differentiation in Cultured Rat Neural Stem Cells

<table>Effects of PUFAs on mRNA expression levels of <svg height="19.9625" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-3.27599pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46 19.9625" width="46" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.825)"><path d="M169 380l92 53q26 16 49 16q80 0 128.5 -56t48.5 -133q0 -108 -72.5 -180.5t-176.5 -91.5q-38 1 -69 18v-131q0 -57 13 -70t71 -18v-27h-236v27q49 5 61 17t12 61v452q0 48 -9.5 58.5t-56.5 16.5v24q66 11 145 43v-79zM169 346v-270q37 -39 94 -39q63 0 101.5 50
t38.5 134q0 78 -38.5 123t-95.5 45q-45 0 -100 -43z" id="x70"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.97,15.825)"><path d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" id="x32"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,17.129,15.825)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,25.287,7.662)"><path d="M390 111l17 -21q-34 -45 -80 -73.5t-89 -28.5q-91 0 -146 62t-55 147q0 118 101 195q74 57 149 57h1q59 0 90 -27q16 -14 16 -30q0 -15 -12 -29t-21 -14q-8 0 -19 11q-44 41 -101 41q-52 0 -87.5 -42.5t-35.5 -117.5q0 -49 15 -87t39 -58t49 -30t48 -10q33 0 60.5 12
t60.5 43z" id="x63"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,30.321,7.662)"><path d="M135 536q-20 0 -35 15.5t-15 35.5q0 22 15 37t36 15t35.5 -15t14.5 -37q0 -21 -15 -36t-36 -15zM252 0h-220v26q48 5 59 17t11 63v206q0 47 -9 58t-54 18v24q78 12 142 39v-345q0 -51 11.5 -63t59.5 -17v-26z" id="x69"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,33.379,7.662)"><path d="M169 380l92 53q26 16 49 16q80 0 128.5 -56t48.5 -133q0 -108 -72.5 -180.5t-176.5 -91.5q-38 1 -69 18v-131q0 -57 13 -70t71 -18v-27h-236v27q49 5 61 17t12 61v452q0 48 -9.5 58.5t-56.5 16.5v24q66 11 145 43v-79zM169 346v-270q37 -39 94 -39q63 0 101.5 50
t38.5 134q0 78 -38.5 123t-95.5 45q-45 0 -100 -43z" id="x70"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,39.614,7.662)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g>
</svg> and <svg height="20.8375" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-3.27599pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 46.912498 20.8375" width="46.912498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,16.7)"><path d="M169 380l92 53q26 16 49 16q80 0 128.5 -56t48.5 -133q0 -108 -72.5 -180.5t-176.5 -91.5q-38 1 -69 18v-131q0 -57 13 -70t71 -18v-27h-236v27q49 5 61 17t12 61v452q0 48 -9.5 58.5t-56.5 16.5v24q66 11 145 43v-79zM169 346v-270q37 -39 94 -39q63 0 101.5 50
t38.5 134q0 78 -38.5 123t-95.5 45q-45 0 -100 -43z" id="x70"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.97,16.7)"><path d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" id="x32"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,17.129,16.7)"><path d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z" id="x37"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,25.287,8.537)"><path d="M513 0l-137 -2q-16 18 -164 198q-19 22 -31 22q-7 0 -16 -3v-111q0 -49 11.5 -61t60.5 -17v-26h-223v26q50 4 61.5 17t11.5 61v472q0 50 -10 61.5t-56 15.5v24q57 6 144 35v-471q37 7 63 35q31 31 71 88q16 23 10.5 31.5t-40.5 12.5v26l204 9v-25q-51 -8 -75 -19.5
t-54 -39.5q-31 -31 -86 -95q13 -21 70 -87.5t85 -95.5q48 -52 100 -55v-26z" id="x6B"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,31.237,8.537)"><path d="M135 536q-20 0 -35 15.5t-15 35.5q0 22 15 37t36 15t35.5 -15t14.5 -37q0 -21 -15 -36t-36 -15zM252 0h-220v26q48 5 59 17t11 63v206q0 47 -9 58t-54 18v24q78 12 142 39v-345q0 -51 11.5 -63t59.5 -17v-26z" id="x69"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,34.295,8.537)"><path d="M169 380l92 53q26 16 49 16q80 0 128.5 -56t48.5 -133q0 -108 -72.5 -180.5t-176.5 -91.5q-38 1 -69 18v-131q0 -57 13 -70t71 -18v-27h-236v27q49 5 61 17t12 61v452q0 48 -9.5 58.5t-56.5 16.5v24q66 11 145 43v-79zM169 346v-270q37 -39 94 -39q63 0 101.5 50
t38.5 134q0 78 -38.5 123t-95.5 45q-45 0 -100 -43z" id="x70"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,40.53,8.537)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g>
</svg>. The values are expressed as the means ± SE of the fold increase in the ratio of each gene versus GAPDH, with the value of the control group (day 1) taken as 1.0. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA followed by  Dunnett’s test. <svg height="13.95" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 66.324997 13.95" width="66.324997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,.062,5.525)"><path d="M471 153q-22 -15 -61 -13q-25 31 -45.5 49.5t-56.5 41.5q4 -71 28 -134q-17 -33 -42 -46q-24 12 -42 46q24 63 28 134q-36 -23 -56.5 -41.5t-45.5 -49.5q-36 -2 -61 13q0 28 19 59q65 10 130 43q-65 33 -130 43q-19 31 -19 59q22 15 61 13q25 -31 45.5 -49.5t56.5 -41.5
q-4 71 -28 134q17 33 42 46q24 -12 42 -46q-24 -63 -28 -134q36 23 56.5 41.5t45.5 49.5q36 2 61 -13q0 -28 -19 -59q-65 -10 -130 -43q65 -33 130 -43q19 -31 19 -59z" id="x2217"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,7.675,13.688)"><path d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5
t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" id="x1D443"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,23.195,13.688)"><path d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" id="x3C"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,37.899,13.688)"><path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105
q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,46.058,13.688)"><path d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" id="x2E"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,49.934,13.688)"><path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105
q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,58.093,13.688)"><path d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8
l-26 -65h-233z" id="x35"></path></g>
</svg> versus control group.</table>

Stem Cells International

fig5

Figure 5

Figure 5: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enhance Neuronal Differentiation in Cultured Rat Neural Stem Cells 