Human Amniotic Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Second- and Third-Trimester Amniocentesis: Differentiation Potential, Molecular Signature, and Proteome Analysis

Table 1

Differentiation-associated proteins in AF-MSCs undergoing myogenic, adipogenic, osteogenic, and neurogenic differentiation. A mean fold-change in the expression of proteins is presented as the median of M/C, A/C, O/C, and N/C ratios, calculated between myogenically (M), adipogenically (A), osteogenically (O), and neurogenically (N) differentiated and undifferentiated (C) cells. A positive (+) protein expression is defined versus negative (−) expression in undifferentiated cells. The remarkable difference among presented ratios is in bold.

(a)

GO term name	Entry	Protein full name	Fold-changes versus control
			M/C	A/C	O/C	N/C
Cell differentiation	CDK1_HUMAN	Cyclin dependent kinase 1	+/−	+/−	+/−	+/−
Neuron differentiation	GDF6_HUMAN	Growth differentiation factor 6	+/−	+/−	+/−	+/−
Fat cell, myotubule differentiation	GSK3B_HUMAN	Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	+/−	+/−	+/−	−/−
Osteoblast differentiation	GPNMB_HUMAN	Transmembrane glycoprotein NMB	11.71	0.03	14.80	13.73
Epithelial cell differentiation	K1C14_HUMAN	Keratin type I cytoskeletal 14	6.75	0.65	0.40	0.82
Osteoblast differentiation	DD19A_HUMAN	ATP dependent RNA helicase	5.68	6.05	3.2	0.61
Osteoblast differentiation	GNAS1_HUMAN	Guanine nucleotide binding protein G s subunit alpha isoforms	3.14	2.44	1.73	0.14
Epithelial cell differentiation	BDH2_HUMAN	3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase type 2	2.01	1.93	2.0	2.81
Osteoblast differentiation	TPM4_HUMAN	Tropomyosin beta 4 chain	1.86	1.85	2.07	1.08
Epithelial cell differentiation	ANXA4_HUMAN	Annexin A4	1.74	1.99	1.82	2.52
Megakaryocyte differentiation	ANM1_HUMAN	Protein arginine N methyltransferase 1	1.72	2.26	1.76	1.14
Cell differentiation	L1CAM_HUMAN	Neural cell adhesion molecule L1	1.59	0.4	1.54	0.97
Melanocyte differentiation	GNA11_HUMAN	Guanine nucleotide binding protein subunit 11	1.58	1.65	1.88	1.99
Cell differentiation	MK01_HUMAN	Mitogen activated protein kinase 1	1.56	2.01	1.86	1.07
Osteoblast differentiation	PHB_HUMAN	Prohibitin	0.55	0.48	0.49	1.12
Stem cell differentiation	A2MG_HUMAN	Alpha 2 macroglobulin	0.44	0.26	0.37	0.02
Cell differentiation	AINX_HUMAN	Alpha internexin	0.39	0.26	0.56	1.43
Melanocyte differentiation	GBLP_HUMAN	Guanine nucleotide binding protein subunit beta-2-like 1	0.36	0.47	0.3	0.73
Osteoblast differentiation	RS15_HUMAN	40S ribosomal protein S15	0.36	0.56	0.28	0.98
Neuron, muscle differentiation	CSN2_HUMAN	COP9 signalosome complex subunit 2	0.34	0.55	0.33	0.81
Cell differentiation	RS3A_HUMAN	40S ribosomal protein S3a	0.33	0.46	0.21	0.76
Erythrocyte differentiation	RS14_HUMAN	40S ribosomal protein S14	0.33	0.47	0.18	0.67
Cell differentiation	BGH3_HUMAN	Transforming growth factor beta-induced protein ig-h3	0.33	0.26	0.16	16.27
Cell differentiation	MP2K1_HUMAN	Dual specificity mitogen activated protein kinase 1	0.3	0.5	0.52	0.36
Erythrocyte differentiation.	RS19_HUMAN	40S ribosomal protein S19	0.29	0.42	0.23	0.83
Cell differentiation	CYR61_HUMAN	Protein CYR61	0.22	0.43	0.17	0.39
Keratinocyte differentiation	KRT84_HUMAN	Keratin type II cuticular Hb4	0.04	0.42	0.39	0.05
Endodermal differentiation	VTNC_HUMAN	Vitronectin	0.02	0.49	0.16	0.59

(b)

GO term name	Entry	Protein full name	Fold-changes vs. control
			N/C
Fat cell differentiation	ERAP1_HUMAN	Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1	7.45
Cell differentiation	ITA8_HUMAN	Integrin alpha 8	7.20
Neuron, fat cell differentiation	WNT5A_HUMAN	Protein Wnt-5a	6.49
Endodermal cell differentiation	ITAV_HUMAN	Integrin alpha 5	4.75
Osteoblast differentiation	CO1A1_HUMAN	Collagen alpha 1 (I) chain	6.12
Osteoblast differentiation	TENA_HUMAN	Tenascin	4.69
Myeloid cell differentiation	PML_HUMAN	Protein PML	4.64
Fat cell differentiation	SODM_HUMAN	Superoxide dismutase [Mn] mitochondrial	3.94
Leukocyte differentiation	RRAS_HUMAN	Ras-related protein R-Ras	4.31
Cell differentiation	TYPH_HUMAN	Thymidine phosphorylase	3.22
Osteoblast differentiation	MRC2_HUMAN	C-type mannose receptor 2	3.16
Epithelial, myeloid cell differentiation	IF16_HUMAN	Gamma interferon-inducible protein 16	3.58
Epithelial cell differentiation	TPP1_HUMAN	Tripeptidyl-peptidase 1	3.54
Dendritic cell differentiation	HLAG_HUMAN	HLA class histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G	3.14
Epithelial cell differentiation	AK1C1_HUMAN	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1	3.11
Neuron, astrocyte, and glial cell differentiation	STAT3_HUMAN	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	2.91
T cell differentiation	B2MG_HUMAN	Beta-2 microglobulin	2.65
Erythrocyte differentiation	ADDA_HUMAN	Alpha adducin	2.59
Epithelial cell differentiation	GNA11_HUMAN	Guanine nucleotide binding protein subunit alpha 11	2.58
Epithelial cell differentiation	CBR1_HUMAN	Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1	2.58
Cell differentiation	FHL1_HUMAN	Four and a half LIM domains’ protein 1	2.58
Erythrocyte differentiation	CSRP2_HUMAN	Cysteine and glycine-rich protein 2	2.58
Osteoblast differentiation	ITA11_HUMAN	Integrin alpha 11	2.39
Epithelial cell differentiation	SAP_HUMAN	Prosaposin	2.34
Chondrocyte differentiation	GSLG1_HUMAN	Golgi apparatus protein 1	2.22
Nervous system differentiation	CAD13_HUMAN	Cadherin 13	2.5
Cell differentiation	S10A6_HUMAN	Protein S100 A6	2.5
Endodermal cell differentiation	CO8A1_HUMAN	Collagen alpha 1–VIII chain	2.15
Epithelial cell differentiation	CNN3_HUMAN	Calponin 3	2.10
Cell differentiation	FLNB_HUMAN	Filamin-B	2.10
Endodermal cell differentiation	SFRP1_HUMAN	Secreted frizzled related protein	2.06