Human Amniotic Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Second- and Third-Trimester Amniocentesis: Differentiation Potential, Molecular Signature, and Proteome Analysis

Table 2

Lineage-specific proteins upregulated in AF-MSCs undergoing myogenic (M), adipogenic (A), osteogenic (O), and neurogenic (N) differentiation. A mean ratio above 1.3 is defined as upregulated expression in differentiated cells.

Protein full name	Fold-changes versus control	Remarks
Ratio M/C
Desmin	3.3	Smooth muscle marker
Calponin 1	2.8	Smooth muscle marker
Transgelin 3	2.0	Smooth muscle marker
Tropomyosin alpha 4 chain	1.9	Muscle cell contraction regulation
Integrin alpha 5	1.8	Myogenic precursor marker
Myosin light chain kinase smooth muscle	1.7	Smooth muscle marker
Myosin 10	1.7	Actomyosin structure organization
Myosin regulatory light chain 12A	1.6	Muscle cell contraction regulation
Caveolin 1	1.5	Myogenic precursor marker
Ratio A/C
Cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2	2.4	Expressed in preadipocytes
Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 21	1.7	Involved in fatty acid, lipid metabolism
Adipocyte plasma membrane associated protein	1.3	Expressed in adipocytes
Ratio O/C
Tropomyosin alpha 4 chain	2.1	Osteoblast differentiation
Collagen alpha 3–6 chain	2.5	Matrix component organization
Casein kinase II subunit alpha	1.4	Cellular processes regulation
Ratio N/C
Cadherin 13	2.5	Adhesion in nervous system
Calponin 3	2.1	Actomyosin structure organization
Nestin	1.5	Neuronal progenitor cell marker
Tubulin beta 3 chain	1.3	Required for axon growth/guidance