Review Article

Use of Adult Stem Cells for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Current Status and Future Developments

Table 1

List of clinical trials referenced in https://clinicaltrials.gov/ for the terms “stem cells and cartilage.”

TitleCountryDateStatusPhaseConditionsInterventionAge of patientsEstimated enrollmentResults

Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis with Autologous Mesenchymal Stem CellsSpain2010 to 2014Completed with results1 and 2Osteoarthritis, knee; knee  
degenerative  
disease; knee  
Osteoarthritis
Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSV) by articular injection18–7612MSC therapy may be a valid alternative treatment for chronic knee osteoarthritis. The intervention is simple, does not require hospitalization or surgery, provides pain relief, and significantly improves cartilage quality. Orozco et al., 2013 [56]; Orozco et al., 2014 [55]
Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis with Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem CellsSpain2012 to 2014Completed with results1 and 2Osteoarthritis, knee; arthritis of knee; knee  
osteoarthritis
Allogenic mesenchymal stromal cells injection (compared to hyaluronic acid injection)18–7530
Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Cartistem and Microfracture in Patients with Knee Articular Cartilage Injury or DefectKorea2009 to 2011Completed3Cartilage injury; osteoarthritisCartistem (allogeneic-unrelated, umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, ex vivo, combined with sodium hyaluronate)  
(compared to microfracture treatment)
18 and older104
Transplantation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Affected Knee Osteoarthritis by Rheumatoid ArthritisIran2009 to 2011Completed2 and 3Rheumatoid  
arthritis
Bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation; (compared to placebo)18–6560
Articular Cartilage Resurfacing With Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Osteoarthritis Of Knee JointIran2009 to 2010Completed2OsteoarthritisMesenchymal stem cells injection18–656
The Effects of Intra-articular Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Knee Joint OsteoarthritisIran2010 to 2012Completed2OsteoarthritisBone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (compared to placebo)18–6540
Adult Stem Cell Therapy for Repairing Articular Cartilage in GonarthrosisSpain 2010 to 2013Completed1 and 2Osteoarthritis, knee; knee  
Injuries; joint  
diseases; rheumatic  
diseases; cartilage diseases
Autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) knee implantation after “ex  vivo” expansion18–6515
Autologous Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and Scaffold in Full-thickness Articular CartilageIran2008 to 2010Completed1knee  
osteoarthritis
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells mixed with collagen I scaffold45–606
Side Effects of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Ankle Joint OsteoarthritisIran2010 to 2011Completed1OsteoarthritisBone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell18–656
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Osteoarthritis of Hip JointIran2010 to 2011Completed1Hip osteoarthritisBone marrow mesenchymal stem cell injection18–656
“One-step” Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Transplantation in Talar Osteochondral LesionsItaly2013 to 2016Recruiting3OsteochondritisBone marrow-derived cells transplantation on collagen scaffold15–50140
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Knee Cartilage InjuriesJordan2014 to 2015Recruiting2Articular cartilage disorder of knee; osteoarthritis, kneeAutologous  
mesenchymal  
stem  
cells
40–6816
Evaluation of Safety and Exploratory Efficacy of CARTISTEM, a Cell Therapy Product for Articular Cartilage DefectsUSA and Korea2012 to 2015Recruiting1, 2 and 3Osteoarthritis, degenerative, degenerative injury, traumatic injury, kneeCartistem (allogeneic-unrelated, umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, ex  vivo, combined with sodium hyaluronate)18 and older12
Autologous Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation for Articular Cartilage Defects RepairBrazil2012 to 2014 Recruiting1 and 2OsteoarthritisBone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells25–6510
Human Autologous MSCs for the Treatment of Mid to Late Stage Knee OACanada2015 to 2021Recruiting1 and 2Osteoarthritis of kneeMesenchymal stem cells40–6512
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhanced With PRP Versus PRP In OA KneeIndia2013 to 2014Recruiting1 and 2Osteoarthritis, knee Mesenchymal  
stem cell  
suspension
40–7524
Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Intra-articular Injection of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells With Platelet Rich PlasmaSpain2014 to 2017Recruiting1 and 2Knee  
osteoarthritis
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (compared to Platelet Rich plasma (PRGF))40–8038
Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Treatment for Oral Complications of Graft-versus-host DiseaseSweden2014 to 2017Recruiting1 and 2Graft -versus-host-diseaseMesenchymal  
stromal cells
18–8012
Use of Autologous Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate in Painful Knee OsteoarthritisUSA2013 to 2014Recruiting1Bilateral primary  
osteoarthritis of knee
Autologous  
bone marrow  
aspirate
18 and older25
Bone Marrow Stromal Cells for Inflammatory Bowel DiseasesUSA2013 to 2019Recruiting1Inflammatory  
bowel disease
Bone marrow  
stromal cell  
(BMSC)  
infusion
18–65100
Microfracture Versus Adipose Derived Stem Cells for the Treatment of Articular Cartilage DefectsUSA2014 to 2019RecruitingDegenerative lesion of articular cartilage of kneeadipose derived stem cells (compared to microfracture)18–4040
Safety and Efficacy of Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cells for Treating OsteoarthritisIndia2010 to 2012Enrolling by invitation1 and 2Osteoarthritis Autologous  
bone marrow stem cells
30–7010
Effectiveness and Safety of Autologous ADRC for Treatment of Degenerative Damage of Knee Articular CartilageRussian2015Enrolling by invitation1 and 2OsteoarthritisAutologous  
bone marrow stem cells
20–8512
Follow-Up Study of CARTISTEM Versus Microfracture for the Treatment of Knee Articular Cartilage Injury or DefectKorea2012 to 2015Active, not recruiting3Degenerative  
osteoarthritis;  
defect of articular  
cartilage
Cartistem (allogeneic-unrelated, umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, ex  vivo, combined with sodium hyaluronate)  
(compared to microfracture procedure)
18 and older103
IMPACT: Safety and Feasibility of a Single-stage Procedure for Focal Cartilage Lesions of the Knee.Netherland2013 to 2015Active, not recruiting1 and 2Foreign-body reaction; inflammation; effusion (L) knee; knee pain swellingMesenchymal stromal cells mixed with fibrin cell carrier18–4535
Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis by Intra-articular Injection of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem CellsSpain2012 to 2015Active, not recruiting1 and 2OsteoarthritisBone marrow mesenchymal stem cells50–8030
Autologous Adipose Stem Cells and Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy for Patients With Knee OsteoarthritisVietnam2013 to 2015Active, not recruiting1 and 2Knee  
osteoarthritis
Autologous adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction and platelet rich plasma18 and older32
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Clinical Trial to Heal Articular Cartilage DefectsNorway2009 to 2018Active, not recruiting1Defect of articular cartilageMesenchymal stem cells or chondrocytes under a commercial available membrane18–5050
Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Articular Cartilage DefectChina 2014 to 2016Not yet recruiting1Cartilage diseases; osteoarthritisHuman umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells18–7520
Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Based Tissue Engineered Laryngeal ImplantsUnited Kingdom2015 to 2018Not yet recruiting1 and 2Disorder of upper respiratory system; laryngostenosis; tracheal stenosisStem cell based tissue engineered partial laryngeal implants (autologous-derived cells and decellularized human donor scaffolds)18 and older10
The Use of Autologous Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Articular Cartilage DefectsEgypt2006 to 2014Unknown2 and 3Degenerative  
arthritis; chondral defects; osteochondral  
defects
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell implantation (after culture expansion in pellet)15–5525
Intra-Articular Autologous Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation to Treat Mild to Moderate OsteoarthritisMalaysia2011 to 2014Unknown2OsteoarthritisAutologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (compared to Hyaluronic Acid)18–7050
Safety and Efficacy Study of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Rheumatoid ArthritisChina2013 to 2014Unknown1 and 2Rheumatoid arthritisUmbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs)/rheumatoid arthritis with disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs)/: UC-MSC + DMARDS18–70200
Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells versus Chondrocytes for the Repair of Chondral Knee DefectsSpain2011 to 2012 Unknown1 and 2Articular cartilage lesion of the femoral condyleMesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue18–5530
Transplantation of Bone Marrow Stem Cells Stimulated by Proteins Scaffold to Heal Defects Articular Cartilage of the KneeFrance2010 to 2014Unknown0Osteoarthritis; knee  
osteoarthritis; osteochondritis  
dissecans; osteonecrosis
Transplantation of nonculture expanded autologous bone marrow stem cells stimulated with a protein matrix and mixed in a collagen hydroxyapatite scaffold30–7550
Peripheral Blood-derived Stem Cell Trial on Damaged Knee CartilageMalaysia2009 to 2012UnknownDamaged articular cartilagePeripheral blood-derived stem cell and hyaluronic acid 18–5050