|
| Biological components | Source | Cellular type | In vitro or
in vivo | Stimulations | Time | Results | References |
|
| Collagen sponge | Purified porcine skins | Human meniscal cells | In vitro | TGF-β | 14 days | Attached well and expanded with culture time
Permissive for production of meniscus ECM and for growth factor responsiveness | Gruber et al. (2008) [68] |
|
| Collagen-GAG | Bovine tendon collagen type I and C6S | Human chondrocytes and meniscal cells | In vitro | PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 | 21 days | Increased contraction of collagen-GAG matrix induced by TGF-β1
Decrease in contraction resulting from PDGF-BB treatment | Zaleskas et al. (2001) [69] |
|
| Hyaluronan (HYAFF-11) | — | Bovine articular chondrocytes | In vitro | Rotary cell culture system | 4 weeks | Outer stained for versican and type I collagen; inner positively stained for GAGs and types I and II collagen
Outer stiffer in tension, inner stiffer in compression | Marsano et al. (2006) [70] |
|
| Collagen II/I, III | Porcine collagen | Ovine meniscal cells | In vitro | None | 28 days | Cells attached well to both biomaterials and produced GAGs and collagen type I | Chiari et al. (2008) [71] |
|
| Hyaluronan (HYAFF-11) | — | Ovine meniscal cells | In vitro | None | 28 days | Differences between the biomaterials were to cell distribution, morphology, and dynamics of GAGs synthesis | Chiari et al. (2008) [71] |
|
| C6S coated PLGA surfaces | Shark C6S | Human meniscus fibrochondrocytes | In vitro | Hypoxia | 14 days | Fibrochondrocytes redifferentiation were enhanced by hypoxia independent of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and potentially involve the transcriptional activation of Sox-9 | Tan et al. (2011) [72] |
|
| Collagen type I (CMI) | Achilles tendon of bovine | Human BMSC | In vitro | Biomechanical stimulation and perfusion | 14 days | Cell proliferation can be enhanced using continuous perfusion
Differentiation is fostered by mechanical stimulation | Petri et al. (2012) [73] |
|
| Collagen type I (CMI) | Achilles tendon of bovine | None | Clinical cases
(25 patients) | None | 10 years | Significant pain relief and functional improvement
No development or progression of degenerative knee joint
disease was observed in most cases | Monllau et al. (2011) [74] |
|
| Collagen type I (CMI) | Achilles tendon of bovine | None | Clinical cases
(33 patients) | None | 10 years | Pain, activity level, and radiological outcomes are significantly improved | Zaffagnini et al. (2011) [75] |
|
| Multilayered silk scaffolds | Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons | Human fibroblasts (outside) chondrocytes (inside) | In vitro | TGF-β3 | 28 days | Maintenance of chondrocytic phenotype with higher levels of
GAGs and collagens
Improved scaffold mechanical properties along with ECM alignment | Mandal et al. (2011) [76] |
|
| Multilayered silk scaffolds | Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons | Human bMSC | In vitro | TGF-β3 | 28 days | Higher levels of collagens and GAGs
Enhanced biomechanics similar to native tissue | Mandal et al. (2011) [77] |
|
| Bacterial cellulose | Gluconacetobacter xylinus | 3T6-swiss albino fibroblasts | In vitro | Compression bioreactor | 28 days | Microchannels facilitated the alignment of cells and collagen fibers
Collagen production was enhanced by mechanical stimulation |
Martínez et al. (2012) [78] |
|
