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Author | Animal model | Degeneration model | Cells transplanted | Method of cell administration | Results/conclusions |
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Bertram et al. [25] | Rabbit | Nucleotomy and axial compression Amount of nucleus removed | Autologous NPCs | Percutaneous injection in fibrin gel | (i) 90% of cells leak out of disc space when injected in aqueous form (ii) Injection within fibrin-thrombin gel decreased leakage to 50% (iii) Intradiscal pressure limited cell survival |
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Ganey et al. [26] | Canine | Nucleotomy | Autologous disc chondrocytes | Intradiscal injection | (i) Transplanted cells remained viable and produced matrix similar in composition to native disc, including PGs (ii) Increased types II and I collagen (iii) Disc height maintained in cell treated group |
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Gorenšek et al. [27] | Rabbit | Nucleotomy | Autologous auricular cartilage derived chondrocytes | Intradiscal injection | (i) Production of hyaline cartilage in the NP (ii) Chondrocytes survived |
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Gruber et al. [28] | Rat | Partial annulotomy and nucleotomy | Autologous disc chondrocytes | Surgical implantation | (i) Transplanted cells remained viable producing matrix for up to 8 months (ii) Cells in AF had fibroblast appearance cells in NP had chondrocyte appearance |
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Huang et al. [29] | Rabbit | Nucleotomy | Allogeneic NPCs | NPC-seeded collagenα/ hyaluronan/ chondroitin-6-sulfate tri-copolymer constructs | NPC treated discs: (i) Increased MRI T2 signal (ii) Retard loss of disc height (iii) Produced cartilaginous matrix within NP (iv) Cells remained viable |
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Hohaus et al. [30] | Canine | Annular injury and partial nucleotomy | Autologous NPCs | Injection | NP cells: (i) Remain viable following implantation (ii) PG and ECM cartilage produced (iii) Types I and II collagen demonstrated (iv) Maintain disc height
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Iwashina et al. [31] | Rabbit | Percutaneous aspiration of NP | Xenogeneic Human NPCs | Percutaneous injection | NPC treated discs: (i) Increased disc height (ii) Significantly less degeneration using morphological and histological analysis (iii) Increased proteoglycan synthesis (iv) Increased expression of aggrecan, versican, and collagen II |
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Luk et al. [32] | Rhesus monkey | Total discectomy | Allogeneic whole disc | Allogeneic whole disc surgical transplant | Fresh disc allografts: (i) Survive following transplantation (ii) Undergo severe degeneration after 24 months |
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Meisel et al. [15] | Canine | Discectomy | Autologous disc derived chondrocytes | Intradiscal injection | Transplanted cells: (i) Remain viable (ii) Produce matrix similar to normal disc (iii) Type I and II collagens demonstrated in regenerated intervertebral disc (iv) Maintained disc height |
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Nishimura and Mochida [33] | Rat | Percutaneous nucleotomy | Autologous NP tissue | Percutaneous injection | Implantation of NP tissue: (i) Delayed degenerative changes (ii) Preserved disc height |
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Nomura et al. [34] | Rabbit | Percutaneous aspiration of NP | Allogeneic NP cells and intact NP tissue | Percutaneous injection | (i) No immune or inflammatory response from allogeneic cell implantation (ii) Implantation of intact nucleus and NP cells reduced degeneration (iii) Increased type II collagen post implantation |
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Okuma et al. [35] | Rabbit | Percutaneous NP aspiration | Autologous NP cells | Percutaneous injection of NP cells cocultured with AF cells | Cell treated discs: (i) Delayed cell clustering (ii) Rate of degeneration slowed histologically (iii) Cells elaborated type II collagen |
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Ruan et al. [36] | Canine | Nucleotomy | Autologous NPCs | NP cells seeded onto L-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold | (i) Disc height, segmental stability, and MRI T2 signal preserved in NP treated discs (ii) PKH-26 labelled cells found in NP at 8 weeks
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Sato et al. [37] | Rabbit | Vaporized using laser | Allogeneic annulus fibrosus cells | Annulus fibrosus cells cultured in atelocollagen honeycomb-shaped scaffold and labelled with PKH-26 fluorescent dye | Transplanted cells: (i) Prevented loss of disc height (ii) Remained viable at 12 weeks (iii) Produced hyaline cartilage |
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