Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Development in the Ophthalmologic Field

Table 1

Clinical trials of ESC/iPSC-based studies in ocular therapy.

Cell type	Disease	Institute/location	Phase	Status of trial	References/sources
ESC-derived RPE	Dry AMD	Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine, USA	Phase I; Phase II	Completed	NCT01344993
ESC-derived RPE	Stargardt’s macular dystrophy	Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine, USA	Phase I; Phase II	Completed	NCT01345006
ESC-derived RPE	Stargardt’s macular dystrophy	Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine, UK	Phase I; Phase II	Completed	NCT01469832
iPSC-derived RPE	Wet AMD	Rikagaku Kenkyûsho (RIKEN) Institute, Japan	Phase I	Halted	[42]
hESC-derived RPE	Wet AMD	Pfizer and University College, London, UK	Phase I	Ongoing	NCT01691261
hESC-derived RPE	Myopic macular degeneration	University of California and Ocata Therapeutics, USA	Phase I; Phase II	Withdrawn	NCT02122159
hESC-derived RPE	Dry AMD	Cell Cure Neurosciences Ltd., Israel	Phase I; Phase II	Recruiting	NCT02286089

AMD, age-related macular degeneration; hESC, human embryonic stem cell; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; MMD, myopic macular degeneration; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium.