In Vivo Tracking of Cell Therapies for Cardiac Diseases with Nuclear Medicine

Table 3

Clinical studies that used direct radiopharmaceutical labeling for cell therapies in cardiology.

Study reference	Radiopharmaceutical	Type of lesion	Cell type	Route	Number of patients	Number of cells injected	Imaging time points
Hofmann et al., 2005 [72]	^18F-FDG	Acute myocardial infarction	BM-MNCs	Intracoronary; Intravenous	12	Not specified	75 min
Blocklet et al., 2006 [71]	^18F-FDG; ^111In-oxine	Acute myocardial infarction	PB-MNCs	Intracoronary	6	2–4 × 10^6	1 hour (^18F-FDG); 19 and 43 hours (^111In-oxine)
Kang et al., 2006 [73]	^18F-FDG	Acute or nonacute myocardial infarction	PB-MNCs	Intracoronary; Intravenous	20	Not specified	2, 4, and 20 hours
Goussetis et al., 2006 [74]	Tc-HMPAO	Chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy	BM-MNCs	Intracoronary	8	0.8 × 10^7	1 and 24 hours
Caveliers et al., 2007 [66]	^111In-oxine	Chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy	PB-MNCs	Intracoronary	8	5–35 × 10^6	2 and 12 hours
Penicka et al., 2007 [75]	Tc-HMPAO	Acute or nonacute myocardial infarction	BM-MNCs	Intracoronary	10	24.2–57.0 × 10^8	2 and 20 hours
Kurpisz et al., 2007 [67]	^111In-oxine	Acute myocardial infarction	BM-MNCs	Intracoronary	3	2–4 × 10^6	24 hours
Schots et al., 2007 [68]	^111In-oxine	Nonacute myocardial infarction	PB-MNCs	Intracoronary	8	5–10 × 10^6; 18–50 × 10^6	2 and 12 hours
Schächinger et al., 2008 [69]	^111In-oxine	Acute or nonacute myocardial infarction	PB-MNCs	Intracoronary	20	15 × 10^6	1 and 24 hours
Dedobbeleer et al., 2009 [70]	^18F-FDG	Nonacute myocardial infarction	PB-MNCs	Intracoronary	7	1.8 × 10^7	1 hour
Silva et al., 2009 [76]; Moreira et al., 2011 [77]	Tc-HMPAO	Acute myocardial infarction	BM-MNCs	Intracoronary; IRCV	30	1 × 10^7	4 and 24 hours
Musialek et al., 2011 [78]	Tc-HMPAO	Acute myocardial infarction	BM-MNCs	Intracoronary	34	0.92–7.54 × 10^6	1 hour
Barbosa da Fonseca et al., 2011 [80]	Tc	Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy	BM-MNCs	Intracoronary	6	4.4 × 10^8	1, 3, and 24 hours
Kollaros et al., 2012 [81]	Tc-HMPAO	Chronic myocardial infarction	BM-MNCs	Intracoronary	13	Not specified	1 hour
Musialek et al., 2013 [79]	Tc-HMPAO	Recent myocardial infarction	BM-MNCs	Intracoronary	31	4.3 × 10^6	1 hour
Vrtovec et al., 2013 [82]	Tc-HMPAO	Nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy	BM-MNCs	Intracoronary transendocardial	40	1 × 10^6	18 hours
Haddad et al., 2015 [83]	Tc-HMPAO	Nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy	PB-MNCs	Transendocardial	37	75 × 10^6	2 and 18 hours

 ¹¹¹In: indium-111; ¹⁸F: fluorine-18; Tc: technetium-99m; BM-MNCs: bone marrow mononuclear cells; FDG: fluorodeoxyglucose; HMPAO: hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime; IRCV: interstitial retrograde coronary venous; PB-MNCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells.