Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulate the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Dampening Arthritis Progression

Figure 1

Preconditioning of MSCs to improve their therapeutic potential for arthritis treatment. Proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α and activation of the TLR-3 pathways are able to increase the immunosuppressive potential of MSCs probably through the activation of NF-κβ activity. PPARβ/δ inhibition, either chemical or genetic, also increased the therapeutic potential of MSCs. TLR-4 inhibition could also enhance the immunosuppressive potential of MSCs. The specific role of IL-17 in the suppressive effect of MSCs still remains a subject of controversy.