Harnessing the Angiogenic Potential of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for Vascular Regeneration

Table 1

Characteristics of the different types of vesicles derived from different biological fluids and conditioned medium.

Vesicles	Characteristic
	Origin	Size	Sucrose gradient	Markers	Contents
Exosomes	Endolysosomal pathway; luminal budding into multivesicular bodies (MVB) and release by fusion of MVB with cell membrane	40–120 nm	1.13–1.19 g/mL	Annexins, tetraspanins, heat-shock proteins, TSG101, flotillin, and MFGE8. They expose low amounts of phosphatidylserine and include cell-type-specific proteins	mRNA, miRNA, and noncoding RNAs; cytoplasmic and membrane proteins
Microvesicles	Cell surface; outward budding of cell membrane	50–1000 nm	1.04–1.07 g/mL	Integrins, selectins, and CD40 ligand	mRNA, miRNA, and noncoding RNAs; cytoplasmic and membrane proteins
Apoptotic bodies	Cell surface; outward blebbing of apoptotic cell membrane	1–5 μm	1.16–1.28 g/mL	High amounts of phosphatidylserine	Nuclear fractions and cell organelles