Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Tissue-Specific Progenitor Cells: Their Role in Tissue Homeostasis

Table 1

Heterogeneity of tissue-resident stem/progenitor cells.

Adult stem cell source	Stem/progenitor cells	Tissue distribution	Isolation marker	Phenotype of mesenchymal cells of tissue origin	Selected references
Bone marrow	(Mesenchymal stem cells)	Bone marrow stroma	No specific marker	CD10, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD140b, CD146, CD271+, GD2, SSEA-1, and STRO-1	[2, 8, 15]
	Pericytes	Sinusoids of the bone marrow	STRO-1+/CD146+; CD271+/CD146+	CD10, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD140b, CD146, CD271+, STRO-1, and αSMA	[17–19]
Liver	Hepatic stellate cell	Perisinusoidal space between sinusoids and hepatocytes	CD271	CD73, CD90, CD105, CD271, α-SMA, desmin, GFAP, nestin, and N-CAM	[30]
	Hepatic stem cells	Ductal plates in fetal liver and in canals of Hering in adult livers	EpCAM	CKs 8, 18, and 19, CD29 CD133, CD44, EpCAM, and NCAM (CD56)	[23, 27]
	Pericytes in human liver	Periportal blood vessels	CD146	CD146, NG-2, CD90, CD73, CD105, CD140b, and vimentin	[26]
Muscle	Satellite cells	Between the basal lamina and sarcolemma of myofibers	Pax7	CD34, NCAM (CD56), Pax7, and Myf5	[32, 36]
	Progenitor cells PICs	Muscle interstitium	PW1+/Pax7−	CD34, PW1+	[39, 40, 42]
	Fibroadipogenic progenitors FAP/MSC	Muscle interstitium adjacent to myofiber associated blood vessels (distinct from muscle pericytes)	PDGFRα	CD34, Sca-1, PDGFRα, and vimentin	[39–41]
	Pericytes	Basement membrane of muscle vessels	PDGFRβ	AP, NG-2, CD146, PDGFRβ, and αSMA	[39, 42, 43]
Skin	Adherent cells (cultured with the presence of serum)	Basal epidermis, dermal papillae, and bulge	CD271/SSEA-4	CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD271 fibronectin, vimentin and collagen type I	[45, 47, 48]
	Floating spheres (cultured without serum)		Nestin	CD73, and CD90, CD105, CD271, nestin, fibronectin, and vimentin	[45, 47]
Heart	Cardiac progenitors	Within the niche composed of cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts	C-kit (CD117)	C-kit (CD117), CD73, CD90, CD34, Sca-1, SSEA-1, VE-cadherin, and Islet-1	[49, 50, 52, 60]

GD2: neural ganglioside; NG-2: neuroglial 2 proteoglycan, SSEA-1: stage specific embryonic antigen-1; αSMA: smooth muscle actin alpha; CKs: cytokeratins; AP: alkaline phosphatase; Sca-1: stem cell antigen-1.