Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells Strategy for Cardiovascular Diseases

Table 1

Application of stem cells for therapy of CVDs.

Disease model	Stem cell type	Delivery route	Dose and follow-up duration	Outcomes	Reference
Rat MI	ESC-CMs	Intramyocardial transfer	1.5 × 10^6; 8 weeks	Observation of grafted cardiomyocytes survival, proliferation, maturation, alignment, and forming gap junctions with host cardiac tissue	[17]
Mouse MI	ESC-ECs	Intramyocardial transfer	1 × 10^6; 8 weeks	Appropriate patterns of endothelial gene expression, functional vessels formation in vivo, and cardiac function improvement	[18]
Mouse DCM	UCB-MSCs	Intramyocardial transfer	1.5 × 10^6; 4 weeks	Improvement of cardiac function by antiapoptosis, anti-inflammation, and proangiogenesis	[19]
Mouse cellular cardiomyoplasty	BM-MSCs	Intramyocardial transfer	5–10 × 10^6; 4–8 weeks	Engrafted hMSCs from adult BM in the myocardium to differentiate into cardiomyocytes	[20]
Mouse MI	iPSCs	Intramyocardial transfer	1 × 10^5; 2 weeks	Improved iPSCs maintenance through improved function and cell proliferation in infarcted myocardium	[21]
Mouse MI	iPSC-CPCs	Intramyocardial transfer	2 × 10^5; 2–4 weeks	Exertion of protective effect on LV remodeling by paracrine effects through enhanced angiogenesis and augmented networking in the infarcted milieu	[22]
Rat MI	EPSs	Intramyocardial transfer	1 × 10^6; 7 weeks	Increase of regional wall motion and decrease of ventricular dimension in left ventricle	[23]
Rat MI	CSCs	Intramyocardial transfer	5 × 10^6; 2–4 weeks	Reduction of ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and infracted size of the left ventricle	[24]

BM: bone marrow; CMs: cardiomyocytes; CPCs: cardiovascular progenitor cells; CSCs: cardiac stem cells; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; ECs: endothelial cells; EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells; ESC: embryonic stem cell; h: human; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell; MI: myocardial infarction; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; and UCB: umbilical cord blood.