Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Kidney Disease: A Review of Clinical Evidence

Figure 2

Properties of MSC in kidney diseases. MSC, soluble factors, or microvesicles can be delivered to the kidney via the intraperitoneal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intraparenchymal, or intraosseous route. They exert a series of renoprotective and regenerative actions on the injured tissues through various paracrine mechanisms: antifibrotic and antiapoptotic, proangiogenic, proliferative and differentiative, antioxidative stress, and immunosuppression and immunomodulation of the immune system. ROS: reactive oxygen species. Arrow: enhancement; T-bar: reduction.