Potential Therapies by Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in CNS Diseases: Focusing on the Neurogenic Niche

Figure 2

Schematic flowchart to develop a therapy based on the selective delivery of miRNAs mediated by engineered exosomes targeting neurogenic niches. Exosome sources box shows the cell culture type in which exosomes will be produced and harvested; target engineering box shows neurogenic niche-associated proteins that could be targeted with exosomes engineered to harbor a mimetic binding peptide in the outer surface of the vesicle; cargo engineering box shows several miRNAs that are known to modulate the fate of NPCs in the neurogenic niche; exosome isolation box shows two strategies to isolate the engineered exosomes from culture media: ultracentrifugation or immunoprecipitation of vesicles using antibodies against the extracellular domain of an exosome marker protein; delivery box shows two noninvasive CNS interventions: intranasal and systemic (by bloodstream) incorporation of engineered exosomes. References: iPSCs [189]; MSCs [190]; Cx26 [159]; Tenascin C [164]; EGFR [178]; Notch [181]; miR-9 [183]; miR-124 [185]; miR-204-5p [187] let-7 [186]; ultracentrifugation [90]; immunoaffinity [27]; intranasally [132, 133]; systemic [130, 155, 191].