Advances in the Treatment of Ischemic Diseases by Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Table 1

Summary of important factors and efficacy of MSCs therapeutics for ischemic cerebrovascular disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy ICM, and diabetic foot from recent publications.

Name of ischemic disease	MSC source	Transplantation route	Transplantation timing and dose	Major efficacy	Mechanisms
Ischemic cerebrovascular disease	Bone marrow MSCs [26, 29, 37, 42], adipose-derived MSCs [27, 31, 41], and umbilical cord MSCs [30]	Intracranial transplantation [28], intracerebral injection [26], and intracerebral injection [27]	Within 24 h after stroke, 10^610^7 MSCs [29]	Angiogenesis induction, neuron protection, and inflammation suppression [26, 27, 30, 35–40]	Growth factors secretion, endogenous cell proliferation, and inflammatory cytokine regulation [27, 30, 36–40]
Ischemic cardiomyopathy	Bone marrow MSCs [45, 54, 55, 64, 65],	Intracoronary delivery [45], intravenous injection [46], and intramyocardial injection [47]	Within one week after AMI [51–53], 10^710^8 MSCs [48, 49, 52]	Improvement of 6-minute walk distance, regional LV and regional myocardial function, infarct size reduction, and angiogenesis induction [44–47, 50, 58, 59]	Cardiac tissue cells differentiation and proliferation, secreting cytokine/chemokine/; growth factor secretion, and inflammation/immune response modulation [44, 54–60]
Diabetic foot	Bone marrow MSCs [66–69], adipose-derived MSCs [70, 71], and umbilical cord MSCs [72–74]	Multiple intravenous delivery [75], intra-arterial transplantation [76], and multiple intramuscular injection [70]	After ischemic limb, 10^610^7 stem cells [77]	Angiogenesis, neovasculogenesis granulation tissue formation induction, epidermal cell regeneration, and wound healing improvement [66, 67, 70, 72–74, 77–80]	Inflammation regulation, extracellular matrix production, paracrine secretion of growth factor/chemokine, and keratinocytes and endothelial cells differentiation [67, 68, 72–74, 77, 79, 80]

MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells, AMI: acute myocardial infarction, and LV: left ventricular.