Review Article
Prospect of Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review
Table 1
Some stem cell sources for bone tissue engineering [
22,
28,
29].
| Cell Source | Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) | (i) High osteogenic potential (ii) Studied extensively | Low abundance; requires extensive in vitro expansion |
| Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) | (i) Similar osteogenic characteristics as BM-MCSs (ii) Highly abundant; easy to harvest surgically | More studies are needed to test their use in bone repair |
| Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) | (i) Pluripotency (ii) Capable of differentiating into all cell types in bone | (i) Ethical and regulatory constraints (ii) Produce teratomas when transplanted in vivo |
| Umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (CB-MSCs) | (i) High availability (ii) Broad differentiation and proliferation potential (iii) Higher in vivo safety than embryonic stem cells | (i) More difficult to be isolated than MSCs from the marrow (ii) More studies are needed to test their use in bone repair |
| Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) | (i) Pluripotency (ii) Capable of differentiating into all cell types in bone | (i) Reprogramming efficiency is low (ii) Require extensive expansion (iii) Safety concerns; limited clinical application |
| Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) | (i) Abundant; easily harvested via liposuction (ii) Able to form vascularized bone | (i) Cell population varies among donors (ii) 2-3-hour multistep isolation process |
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