Vitamin D and the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Table 1

List of 1,25(OH)₂D₃-regulated proteins involved in EMT.

Protein	1,25(OH)2D3 effect	Reference
Tight junction components
Occludin	Upregulation	[26–28]
Claudin-1	Upregulation	[27, 29]
Claudin-2	Upregulation	[29, 30]
Claudin-7	Upregulation	[31]
Claudin-12	Upregulation	[30]
ZO-1	Upregulation	[26, 27, 29]
ZO-2	Upregulation	[26]
Adherens junction proteins
E-cadherin	Upregulation	[26, 29, 31–46]
N-cadherin	Downregulation	[37, 41, 42, 47, 48]
P-cadherin	Downregulation	[37]
Vinculin	Upregulation	[26, 31]
Focal adhesion members
Integrin α3	Upregulation	[31]
Integrin	Upregulation	[37]
Integrin β5	Upregulation	[37]
Integrin α6	Downregulation	[37]
Integrin β4	Downregulation	[37]
Paxillin	Upregulation	[31, 37]
FAK	Upregulation	[37]
Cytoskeleton-related proteins
Filamin A	Upregulation	[49]
Ezrin	Upregulation	[50]
α-SMA	Downregulation	[37, 43–46, 51–54]
Keratin-13	Upregulation	[49]
Vimentin	Downregulation	[40–42]
Plectin	Upregulation	[49]
Extracellular matrix proteins
Fibronectin	Downregulation	[44, 45, 51, 54]
Collagen type I	Downregulation	[44, 45, 51, 53–57]
Collagen type II	Downregulation	[56]
Collagen type III	Downregulation	[44, 51, 54, 58]
MMPs and inhibitors
MMP2	Downregulation	[39, 41, 42]
MMP9	Downregulation	[39, 41, 42, 59, 60]
MMP13	Downregulation	[48, 61]
TIMP1	Upregulation	[59, 60]
TIMP2	Upregulation	[59]
EMT-TFs
SNAIL1	Downregulation	[40–42, 44, 61, 62]
SNAIL2	Downregulation	[42, 61, 62]
ZEB1	Downregulation	[40]
TWIST1	Downregulation	[61]
Wnt/β-catenin target genes
MYC	Downregulation	[26, 32, 63, 64]
TCF1	Downregulation	[26, 32]
CD44	Downregulation	[26, 32]
Cyclin D1	Downregulation	[31, 33, 55, 64]
AXIN2	Downregulation	[65]
LEF1	Downregulation	[65]
Other EMT-related proteins
JMJD3	Upregulation	[66]
Cystatin D	Upregulation	[67]
Cathepsin L	Downregulation	[68]
Sprouty-2	Downregulation	[69]
PIT1	Downregulation	[70]
IL-1β	Downregulation	[71]
TGF-β	Downregulation	[44, 54, 56, 58]
TGF-β receptor type I	Downregulation	[44]
Cadherin-17	Downregulation	[72]