|
Type | Physiological function | Therapeutic function | Pathological function | References |
|
ESCs |
Self-renewal and expansion | Enhancing survival and expansion of HPSCs | |
[56–58] |
Inducing gene expression changes in Muller cells of the retina | | [59] |
Wound recovery | | [60] |
|
MSCs | Promoting MSCs proliferation | Repairing injured issues like heart, lung, and kidney | Promoting tumor growth |
[17, 62–68] |
Cutaneous wound healing, TBI, and stroke | [69–71] |
Exerting immunomodulatory role on lymphocyte subsets | [72, 73] |
Allogenetic cell-based therapy | [74] |
Delivering drugs | [75, 76] |
Antitumor | [77–79] |
Promoting NPCs differentiation | [80] |
|
NSCs |
Regulating NSCs proliferation |
Antibody targeting exosomes that may reduce viral infection | Neuropathological development of NSCs |
[81–84] |
Triggering autoimmunity | [85] |
|
EPCs | Promoting endothelial survival | Protecting human islets | | [86, 87] |
Steering angiogenesis in acute kidney injury | | [87] |
Promoting angiogenesis in hindlimb ischemia | | [88] |
Protecting H/R induced endothelial cell injury | | [89] |
Protecting cardiomyocytes | | [90] |
|
HSCs |
Maintaining stem cell property | Increasing survival of endothelial cells | | [91–93] |
MVs of CD133+ cells derived from hematopoietic tissues promote angiogenesis | | [92] |
Vaccines for LEX that may enhance survival of patients with leukemia | | [94] |
|
CPCs | Self-renewal and differentiation | Cardioprotection promoting migration of endothelial cells | | [95–97] [15] |
|