Review Article
Dental and Nondental Stem Cell Based Regeneration of the Craniofacial Region: A Tissue Based Approach
Table 3
This table shows potential SCs for use in muscle regeneration and their positive and negative characteristics.
| Stem cell | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
| Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) | (i) Have been shown to improve muscle function in vivo (ii) Pluripotent | (i) Research limited by regulations (ii) Need presence of box genes (Pax-7) | | Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) | (i) Less regulations (ii) Pluripotent | (i) More study needed to ensure that there is no tumorigenic potential | | Satellite cells | (i) Express Pax-7 (ii) Self-proliferating | (i) Difficult to isolate (ii) Damaged by in vitro culture | | Muscle derived stem cells (MDSCs) | (i) Osteogenic and adipogenic | | [81, 117] | MSCs | (i) High ability to differentiate (ii) Modulate inflammation | (i) Need more research before in vivo studies | | Muscle derived CD133+ stem cells | (i) Formed myosin heavy chain (characteristic of craniofacial muscle) (ii) Safe and feasible | (i) Myogenesis in vitro requires additional cell cultures | | Mesoangioblasts | (i) Angiogenic (ii) Easy expansion in vitro | (i) Require factors to improve migration | |
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