| | Factor | Function | Population | Reference |
| | Angiogenesis-stimulating factors |
| | Angiogenin (ANG) | Endothelial proliferation and migration.
Activation of smooth muscle cells.
Indirect degradation of basement membrane. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24] |
| | Angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1) | Endothelial survival, migration, and matrix adhesion.
Endothelial sprouting and vessel stabilization. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24–26] |
| | Angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2) | Endothelial proliferation, migration, and sprouting in the presence of VEGF. | PDLSCs | [27] |
| | Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) | Endothelial proliferation, migration, and tube formation.
Upregulation of uPA, VEGF receptor, and integrins. | DPSCs, SCAPs, SHEDs, and PDLSCs | [16, 26–32] |
| | Colony stimulating factor (CSF) | Endothelial proliferation, migration, and differentiation.
Induction of proteolytic enzyme release. | DPSCs | [17] |
| | CXC chemokines, for example, interleukin-8 (IL-8) | Endothelial survival, proliferation, migration, and tube formation.
Induction of MMP production. | DPSCs | [30] |
| | Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) | Vascular remodeling.
Endothelial proliferation, migration, and tube formation. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24] |
| | Endothelin-1 (EDN1) | Endothelial proliferation and migration.
Stimulation of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis.
Stimulation of endothelial MMP2 production.
Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24] |
| | Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) | Endothelial proliferation, migration, and tube formation.
Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
Stimulation of VEGF and PlGF production. | SCAPs, SHEDs | [25, 26, 33] |
| | Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) | Endothelial proliferation, migration, and tube formation.
Stimulation of VEGF and plasminogen activator production.
Downregulation of endothelial apoptosis. | PDLSCs | [27] |
| | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) | Endothelial migration and tube formation.
Stimulation of IGF-1-mediated angiogenesis.
Stimulation of VEGF and MMP2 production. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24, 26, 30] |
| | Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) | Extracellular matrix degradation and release of sequestered growth factors. | DPSCs, SCAPs | [17, 25] |
| | Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) | Endothelial chemotaxis, tube formation, and differentiation.
Stimulation of HIF-1α and VEGF production. | DPSCs, SCAPs | [26, 30] |
| | Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) | Endothelial proliferation, migration, and differentiation.
Stimulation of VEGF expression.
Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes.
Vessel stabilization. | DPSCs | [28] |
| | Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) | Participation in ECM degradation and release of sequestered growth factors.
Endothelial migration and invasion.
Activation of VEGF and pro-HGF. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24, 26, 30] |
| | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Endothelial proliferation, migration, and tube formation.
Stimulation of NO synthase and plasminogen activator expression.
Downregulation of endothelial apoptosis. | DPSCs, SCAPs, FSCs, SHEDs, and PDLSCs | [17, 24–36] |
| | Angiogenesis-inhibiting factors |
| | ANGPT2 | Natural antagonist of ANGPT1.
Upregulation of endothelial apoptosis. | PDLSCs | [27] |
| | DPPIV | Inhibition of endothelial progenitor homing.
Inhibition of CXCR3-induced chemotaxis. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24] |
| | Endostatin | Endothelial proliferation and migration.
Upregulation of endothelial apoptosis.
Inhibition of MMPS and bFGF-mediated and VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and SHEDs | [16, 30] |
| | IGFBP3 | Endothelial migration and tube formation.
Inhibition of MMP9 and VEGF production. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24, 26, 30] |
| | MMPs | Inhibition of FGFR1 and uPAR-mediated signaling.
Generation of angiogenic inhibitors by proteolytic cleavage. | DPSCs | [17] |
| | Pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) | Inhibition of bFGF-mediated angiogenesis. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24, 26] |
| | Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEGF) | Endothelial proliferation and migration.
Upregulation of endothelial apoptosis.
Inhibition of MMPs and bFGF-mediated and VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24, 26] |
| | Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) | Inhibition of uPA. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24, 26, 30] |
| | Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) | Endothelial proliferation, migration, and tube formation.
Upregulation of endothelial apoptosis. | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24, 26] |
| | Tissue inhibitor of MMPs-1/4 (TIMP-1/4) | Inhibition of MMPs | DPSCs, SCAPs, and FSCs | [24, 26, 30] |
| | Neurotrophic factors |
| | Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) | Neuronal differentiation.
Neurite outgrowth. | DPSCs, SCAPs, SHEDs, and PDLSCs | [16, 26–32] |
| | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) | Survival of neurons.
Differentiation of neuroblasts.
Formation of synapses and neuritogenesis. | DPSCs, SCAP | [37–41] |
| | Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) | Neuronal survival. | DPSCs | [40] |
| | Glial-cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) | Survival of neurons.
Differentiation of neuroblasts.
Neuritogenesis. | DPSCs, SCAPs | [37, 38] |
| | Nerve growth factor (NGF) | Survival, maintenance, and proliferation of neurons.
Neurite outgrowth. | DPSCs, SCAPs | [37, 38, 40, 41] |
| | Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) | Survival of neurons.
Differentiation of neuroblasts.
Neuritogenesis. | DPSCs | [38, 40] |
| | Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) | Survival of neurons.
Differentiation of neuroblasts.
Neuritogenesis. | DPSCs | [40] |
| | PDGF-AA | Neuronal survival.
Neuritogenesis. | DPSCs | [40] |
| | VGF (VGF nerve growth factor inducible) | Neuronal survival.
Neuritogenesis. | DPSCs | [40] |
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