The Neurovascular Properties of Dental Stem Cells and Their Importance in Dental Tissue Engineering

Table 2

Dental stem cells and the effects of preconditioning.

Priming	(Angiogenic) effect	Reference
Dental pulp stem cells
Hypoxia	Increased proliferation rate; Increased HIF-1α and VEGF expression/secretion; Increased migration	[110, 111]; [34]; [112]
PHD inhibitors	Increased HIF-1α and VEGF expression/secretion	[113]
Hinokitiol	Increased HIF-1α and VEGF expression/secretion; Increased hemoglobin content in mouse matrigel plug assay	[114]
FGF-2	Enhanced EC capillary network formation	[115]
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)	Increased VEGF expression	[116, 117]
Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth
Hypoxia	Increased migration	[112]
Periodontal ligament stem cells
Hypoxia	Increased VEGF expression	[118]
PHD inhibitors	Increased HIF-1α and VEGF expression/secretion	[119]
IL-1α	Increased VEGF expression	[36]
TNF-α	Increased VEGF expression	[120]
Adiponectin	Increased proliferation rate; Increased wound healing	[121]
Follicle stem cells
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)	Increased migration	[122]
Stem cells from the apical papilla
Hypoxia	Increased VEGF expression	[26, 31]
PHD inhibitors (CoCl2)	Increased HIF-1α and VEGF expression/secretion; Enhanced EC capillary network formation	[123]