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Source of EVs | Receptor cells | Biological function | Proposed mechanism | Reference |
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Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | Breast cancer cell line MCF7 | Support breast tumor growth in vivo | Transport tumor supportive miRNA-21 and 34a | [41] |
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | HepG2 hepatoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and Skov-3 ovarian tumor cell lines | Inhibit in vitro cell growth and survival of different tumor cell lines | Inhibit cell cycle progression in all cell lines and induce apoptosis in HepG2 and Kaposi’s cells and necrosis in Skov-3 | [54] |
Human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly MSCs | Bladder tumor T24 cells | Inhibit T24 cells proliferative viability and induce apoptosis in T24 cells in vitro and in vivo | Downregulate phosphorylation of Akt protein kinase and upregulate cleaved caspase-3 | [55] |
Mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs | Mouse breast cancer cell line (4T1) | Suppress angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo | The exosome-derived miRNA-16 reduce the expression of VEGF in 4T1 cells | [52] |
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | Multiple myeloma cells | MM BMSC-EVs promote MM tumor growth; normal BMSC-EVs inhibit the growth of MM cells | The tumor suppressor miRNA-15a is present in normal BMSCs, but absent in MM BMSCs | [50] |
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | Human colon cancer cells, human gastric carcinoma cells, human lung fibroblast cell line | Promote tumor growth in vivo | Exosomes enhance VEGF expression in tumor cells by activating ERK1/2 pathway | [56] |
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs, murine bone marrow-derived MSCs | Murine MM cells, human MM cells | Induce proliferation, migration, survival, and drug resistance of MM cells | Influence the activation of several survival relevant pathways, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, p53, and Akt | [57] |
Human Wharton’s Jelly MSCs | Human renal cancer cell | Promote the growth and aggressiveness of human renal cancer cell both in vitro and in vivo | Induce HGF synthesis via RNA transferred by EVs activating AKT and ERK1/2 signaling | [58] |
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | Human breast cancer cell line (BM2) | Promote breast cancer cells dormancy, drug resistance | Overexpression of miR-23b in BM2 cells induces dormant phenotypes through the suppression of a target gene, MARCKS | [51] |
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | Breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and T47D | Contribute to breast cancer cell quiescence | Transfer miRNAs from bone marrow stroma to breast cancer cells | [59] |
Rat bone marrow-derived MSCs | Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells | Protect rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity | Upregulate Akt phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression, downregulate Bax expression, and reduce the cleavage of caspase-3 | [60] |
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