Potential Role of Exosomes in Mending a Broken Heart: Nanoshuttles Propelling Future Clinical Therapeutics Forward

Table 1

Exosomes isolated from stem cells derived from rodent source and their cardioprotective effects on the heart post-MI.

Source cells (rodents)	Conditions for Exo generation	In vivo model	Dose/route of administration	Outcomes	References
ESC	40 h in culture—unclear about serum status	Mouse, MI	10 μg total Exo protein/inj; IM inj into border zone at 2 sites	↑ LVEF; ↑ FS; ↓ ESD; ↓ infarct size	Khan et al. [38]
BM-MSC	O/N glucose starvation, (±)IPC; serum-free, collected after 48 h	Mouse, MI	1 μg total Exo protein; injected along border zone	↓ infarct size with IPC	Feng et al. [51]
	10% Exo-depleted FBS, collected after 48 h; during passage 4	Rat, MI	20 μg total Exo protein into 2 sides along infarct border zone	↑ LVEF; ↑ FS; ↓ fibrosis; ↓ inflammation	Shao et al. [50]
	Overexpression of GATA4, 10% Exo-free FBS, collected after 48 h	Rat, MI	Exo from 4 × 10^6 cells; IM injection at border zone	↑ LVEF; ↑ FS; ↓ infarct size	Yu et al. [37]
Rat heart perfusate	(±)IPC	Rat, Langendorff I/R	Perfused prior to 30 min global ischemia, 2 h reperfusion	↓ infarct size with IPC perfusate	Giricz et al. [52]
CPC	2% Exo-depleted FBS, collected after 48 h	Mouse, MI	Half of Exo collected from 5 × 10^5 cells; IM injection	↓ apoptosis	Chen et al. [82]
CD31^+ cardiac EC	Overexpression of HIF-1α, Exo-depleted serum	Mouse, MI	25 μg total Exo protein ± 1 × 10^6 CPCs; peri-infarct injection	↑ LVEF; ↑ FS; ↓ Infarct size; ↑ capillary density; ↑ survival of transplanted CPCs	Ong et al. [36]

ESC: embryonic stem cell; BM-MSC: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell; CPC: cardiac progenitor cell; EC: endothelial cell; MI: myocardial infarction; Exo: exosome; inj: injection; IM: intramyocardial; IPC: ischemic preconditioning; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; FS: fractional shortening; ESD: end systolic diameter; O/N: overnight.