Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Opportunities and Challenges in Cell-Free Therapy

Table 2

Studies focusing on MSC-derived exosomes, their loading methods, therapeutic cargos, and biological function.

Origin	Disease models	Biological function	Contributing factors	Artificial modification & loading methods	Articles
Mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs)	Breast cancer	Suppress angiogenesis and tumor progression	miR-16	/	Lee et al. [35]
Human adult liver stem cells (HLSCs)	Hepatoma	Transfer genetic information that interferes with the deregulated survival and proliferation	miR451, miR223, miR31, and so on	/	Fonsato et al. [33]
MSCs	Glioma	Reduce glioma xenograft growth in rat brain	miR-146b	Transfection and electroporation	Katakowski et al. [65]
Mouse BM-MSCs	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	Inhibit in vitro tumor growth	Paclitaxel	Incubation	Pascucci et al. [56]
Human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJMSCs)	Bladder tumor	Downregulated phosphorylation of Akt protein kinase and upregulated cleaved caspase 3 during the process of antiproliferation and proapoptosis	Akt and caspase 3	/	Wu et al. [66]
MSCs	Liver injury	Induces an anti-inflammatory effect	Cationized pullulan	Incubation	Tamura et al. [59]
Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) glioblastoma cells	/	Engineer exosomes containing Cre recombinase that have been used to identify functional delivery of exosomes across the blood-brain barrier to recipient neurons in the brain	Labeling of a target protein, Cre recombinase, with a WW tag	Transfection	Sterzenbach et al. [57]
BM-MSCs	Colonic carcinoma gastric carcinoma	Promote VEGF and CXCR4 expression in tumor cells through ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways	/	/	Zhu et al. [67]
Mouse immature dendritic cells (imDCs)	Breast cancer	Target tumor therapy	Doxorubicin	Electroporation transfection	Tian et al. [50]
Human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (hucMSCs)	Acute myocardial infarction	Accelerate endothelium cell proliferation, migration, and vessel formation	Platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D)	Transfection	Ma et al. [55]
BM-MSCs	Status epilepticus (SE)	Minimize the adverse effects of SE in the hippocampus and prevent SE-induced cognitive and memory impairments	/	/	Long et al. [68]
BM-MSCs	Ameliorate inflammation-inducedpreterm brain injury	Ameliorate inflammation-induced neuronal cellular degeneration, reduce microgliosis, and prevent reactive astrogliosis	/	/	Drommelschmidt et al. [69]
hucMSCs	PBMCs	Immunosuppressive function	/	/	Monguio-Tortajada et al. [70]
Cardiomyocyte progenitor cell (CMPC) MSCs	Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)	Proangiogenic effects	Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN)	/	Vrijsen et al. [29]
MSCs	Breast cancer	Deliver antagomiRs to chemosensitize the BCCs and to prevent dormancy	Anti-miR-222/-223	Transfection	Bliss et al. [71]
BM-MSCs	PBMCs	Incorporated by monocytes, lowering the effect on lymphocyte populations	/	/	Di Trapani et al. [37]
BM-MSCs	Hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer, Kaposi’s sarcoma	Induce in vitro cell cycle arrest and apoptosis or necrosis of different tumor cell lines and in vivo inhibit growth of established tumors	/	/	Bruno et al. [72]
BM-MSCs	Breast cancer	Induce dormant phenotypes through the suppression of a target gene, MARCKS, which encodes a protein that promotes cell cycling and motility	miR-23b	/	Ono et al. [34]
hucMSCs	Hepatitis C virus (HCV)	Suppress HCV RNA replication	let-7f, miR-145, miR-199a, and miR-221	/	Qian et al. [36]
BM-MSCs	Osteosarcoma	Suppress the migration of the 143B osteosarcoma cell line	miR-143	Transfection	Shimbo et al. [54]