Tumorigenic and Differentiation Potentials of Embryonic Stem Cells Depend on TGFβ Family Signaling: Lessons from Teratocarcinoma Cells Stimulated to Differentiate with Retinoic Acid

Figure 6

Assessment of the tumorigenic potential of ES R1 cells stimulated to differentiate with RA, Activin A, BMP4, PD98059, and LY294002 after transplantation into nude mice. No tumors were detected in nude mice after subcutaneous (SC) and intraperitoneal (IP) transplantation of ES R1 cells on day 3 after RA and additive withdrawal. Teratomas formed only after subcutaneous transplantation of ES R1 cells on day 3 after RA withdrawal (ES R1 RA10 + 3). ActA: Activin A; BMP: BMP4; PD: PD98059; LY: LY294002.