Artificial Mitochondria Transfer: Current Challenges, Advances, and Future Applications

Table 1

A comparative description of MST and PNT techniques and ethical concerns.

	MST	PNT
Technical approach	Transfer of nuclear DNA before fertilization	Transfer of nuclear DNA postfertilization
mtDNA carry-over	Lower (1%)	Higher (1-2%)
Risk of chromosomal abnormalities	Higher	Lower
Operator dependent	Yes	Yes
Proof-of-concept; In macaque	Yes ()	No
Ethical issues
Approval (UK)	Yes	Yes
Approach	Selective reproduction	Therapy based on embryo modification
Manipulation and destruction of	Oocytes	Fertilized eggs
Occurs	Preconception	Postconception