Myocardial Regeneration via Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes

Table 1

Overview of exosomes as therapeutics in preclinical MI studies.

Cell type	Species	Donor cell specifics	Cardiac effect					Other effects	Active pathways/molecules	Ref
			Diminished infarct size	Increased cardiac function	Higher vessel density	Reduced fibrosis	Decreased apoptosis
MSC	Human		✓	✓	✓					[46]
	Human		✓	✓						[32]
	Rat	CPCs prestimulated with exosomes		✓	✓	✓				[48]
	Mouse	Ischemic preconditioning				✓		Increase in pAkt and pGsk3, reduced immune cell infiltration	miR-22	[58]
CPC	Human	Cardiac explant cells from cardiovascular patients		Reduced				Decrease in exosome production	IL-6	[65]
	Human		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		miR-132	[53]
	Human		✓	✓	✓	✓			miR-146a	[54]
	Rat			✓		✓			miR-292	[52]
	Mouse						✓		miR-451	[51]
ES	Mouse		✓	✓	✓		✓	Increase in CPC proliferation	miR-291, miR-294,; miR-295/Akt	[49]
iPS	Mouse						✓		miR-21, miR-210	[50]
Other	Human	hCD34+ SHH+						Transfer of SHH to endothelial cells	SHH	[55]
	Rat/human	Plasma from remote ischemic preconditioning	✓						Erk, Akt	[71]
	Rat	Perfused hearts with ischaemia (conditioning)	✓							[59]