Prostate Cancer Stem Cell Markers Drive Progression, Therapeutic Resistance, and Bone Metastasis

Table 1

Reported markers for prostate cancer stem cells.

Marker name	Effects	References
Extracellular markers
CD117/c-kit	Tumor progression	[37]
	Metastatic colonization and growth	[60, 61]
	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[37]
CD133	Tumor progression	[25, 95, 96]
	Self-renewal capacity	[31, 95, 97, 98]
	Stemness gene expression	[23, 99]
CD44	Tumor progression	[96, 100]
	Self-renewal capacity	[30, 31, 40, 41, 97, 101]
	Stemness gene expression	[41, 99]
	Metastatic colonization and growth	[102]
α2β1 integrin	Tumor progression	[25, 50, 63]
	Self-renewal capacity	[30, 31]
	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[63]
α6 integrin	Tumor progression	[63]
	Self-renewal capacity	[101, 103]
	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[63]
CXCR4	Tumor progression	[88, 104]
	Self-renewal capacity	[70]
	Metastatic colonization and growth	[58, 62]
	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[62, 70]
E-cadherin	Stemness gene expression	[20, 36]
	Metastatic colonization and growth	[65]
	Therapeutic resistance	[29]
EpCAM	Tumor progression	[33, 59, 71]
	Metastatic colonization and growth	[59, 90]
	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[33, 71, 72]
Cytokeratin 5	Tumor progression	[67]
	Self-renewal capacity	[103]
PSA^lo	Tumor progression	[38]
	Self-renewal capacity	[38]
	Stemness gene expression	[38]
	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[100]
ABCG2	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[49, 73, 75]
Trop2	Tumor progression	[25, 105]
	Self-renewal capacity	[91, 92, 101, 103]
AR variant 7	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[79, 81, 82]
CD166/ALCAM	Tumor progression	[39, 106]
	Self-renewal capacity	[39]
	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[39]
Intracellular markers
ALDH1	Tumor progression	[47, 48, 51, 100, 107]
	Self-renewal capacity	[30, 47, 107]
	Stemness gene expression	[49]
	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[47, 49, 100]
TG2	Tumor progression	[77]
	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[77, 78]
EZH2	Tumor progression	[50, 96]
	Stemness gene expression	[108]
	Metastatic colonization and growth	[51, 68]
	Recurrence and therapeutic resistance	[29, 50, 69]

EZH2: enhancer of zeste homolog 2; ALDH1: aldehyde dehydrogenase 1; ABCG2: ATP-binding cassette G2; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; TG2: transglutaminase 2. Self-renewal capacity includes sphere formation, colony formation, clonogenic assays, and limiting dilution assays. Stemness gene expression includes Sox2, Oct3/4, Nanog, c-myc, and/or Klf4.