| Marker name | Effects | References |
| Extracellular markers | | | CD117/c-kit | Tumor progression | [37] | Metastatic colonization and growth | [60, 61] | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [37] |
| CD133 | Tumor progression | [25, 95, 96] | Self-renewal capacity | [31, 95, 97, 98] | Stemness gene expression | [23, 99] |
| CD44 | Tumor progression | [96, 100] | Self-renewal capacity | [30, 31, 40, 41, 97, 101] | Stemness gene expression | [41, 99] | Metastatic colonization and growth | [102] |
| α2β1 integrin | Tumor progression | [25, 50, 63] | Self-renewal capacity | [30, 31] | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [63] |
| α6 integrin | Tumor progression | [63] | Self-renewal capacity | [101, 103] | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [63] |
| CXCR4 | Tumor progression | [88, 104] | Self-renewal capacity | [70] | Metastatic colonization and growth | [58, 62] | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [62, 70] |
| E-cadherin | Stemness gene expression | [20, 36] | Metastatic colonization and growth | [65] | Therapeutic resistance | [29] |
| EpCAM | Tumor progression | [33, 59, 71] | Metastatic colonization and growth | [59, 90] | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [33, 71, 72] |
| Cytokeratin 5 | Tumor progression | [67] | Self-renewal capacity | [103] |
| PSAlo | Tumor progression | [38] | Self-renewal capacity | [38] | Stemness gene expression | [38] | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [100] |
| ABCG2 | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [49, 73, 75] |
| Trop2 | Tumor progression | [25, 105] | Self-renewal capacity | [91, 92, 101, 103] |
| AR variant 7 | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [79, 81, 82] |
| CD166/ALCAM | Tumor progression | [39, 106] | Self-renewal capacity | [39] | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [39] |
| Intracellular markers | | | ALDH1 | Tumor progression | [47, 48, 51, 100, 107] | Self-renewal capacity | [30, 47, 107] | Stemness gene expression | [49] | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [47, 49, 100] |
| TG2 | Tumor progression | [77] | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [77, 78] |
| EZH2 | Tumor progression | [50, 96] | Stemness gene expression | [108] | Metastatic colonization and growth | [51, 68] | Recurrence and therapeutic resistance | [29, 50, 69] |
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EZH2: enhancer of zeste homolog 2; ALDH1: aldehyde dehydrogenase 1; ABCG2: ATP-binding cassette G2; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; TG2: transglutaminase 2. Self-renewal capacity includes sphere formation, colony formation, clonogenic assays, and limiting dilution assays. Stemness gene expression includes Sox2, Oct3/4, Nanog, c-myc, and/or Klf4.
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