|
| Cardiac resident progenitor type | Characteristics | Cardiac cell fate contribution | References |
|
| Side population cells | Perivascular cells of undetermined origin; can grow as cardiospheres | Embryonic heart: cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells | [76–78] |
| Adult: endothelial cells |
|
| ISL1+ cardiac progenitors | Major population of undifferentiated cardiac progenitors during development | Embryonic heart: cardiomyocytes | [79–81] |
| Adult: cardiomyocytes (rare) |
|
| c-Kit+ cells | Cardiovascular progenitors during development, may be confined to endothelial fate or localised to niches in adult | Embryonic heart: endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes | [66, 82–94] |
| Adult: endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes (rare) |
|
| Sca-1+ cells | Heart resident endothelial cells sharing characteristics with mesenchymal cells and side population cells | Embryonic heart: mesenchymal, endothelial, other | [81, 95, 96] |
| Adult: cardiomyocytes (low-level replacement) |
|
| Epicardial progenitors | Capable of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, multipotent progenitor potential during development, may be reinducible in adult | Embryonic heart: cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, coronary smooth muscle cells | [27, 29, 65, 97–101] |
| Adult: myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes upon induction |
|
| Mesenchymal/stromal cells | Expressing MSC/stromal cell markers, restricted multipotency compared to other MSC | Adult heart: mainly cardiac stromal/fibroblast cells, limited cardiomyocyte potential | [4, 64, 102–105] |
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